Heritage Sites https://coastal-management.eu/ en Public Education Schemes https://coastal-management.eu/measure/public-education-schemes <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Public Education Schemes</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/6" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">nst</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Thu, 02/23/2017 - 11:25</span> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/64" hreflang="en">Public Awareness and Preparedness</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/68" hreflang="en">Non-structural measure</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Not all stakeholders are aware or informed about their vulnerability to a changing climate, or flood risk protection. Nor are they aware of the pro-active measures they can take to adapt or deal with climate change. Awareness raising and education programs are therefore important to manage the impacts of climate change, enhance peoples’ capacity to deal with the impacts, and reduce overall vulnerability.</p> <p>Sharing knowledge in this way can help build safety and resilience, reduce future hazard impacts. Communities and individuals usually want to become partners in this, and the public can be empowered to deal with the impacts and reduce future problems related to flood risk and disaster risk response.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Based on the <a href="http://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/metadata/adaptation-options/awareness-campaigns-for-behavioural-change ">information available on ClimateAdapt Platform</a> and the Ifrc-Guide on <a href="http://www.ifrc.org/Global/Publications/disasters/reducing_risks/302200-Public-awareness-DDR-guide-EN.pdf">Public awareness and public education for disaster risk reduction.</a></p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Several types of approaches can be used such as campaigns, participatory learning, informal education, formal school based interventions.</p> <p>Given that individuals and communities are in different positions, in terms of both capacity to act as well as vulnerability or being affected by, awareness raising schemes need to be tailored to their audience.</p> <p>Large climate change awareness raising campaigns are often a mixture of mitigation, energy efficiency, and sustainability measures rather than adaptation measures.</p> <h4>Benefits</h4> <p>The benefits also mean that through knowledge transfer, the resilience of the community or individuals can be increased which is essentially transforming knowledge and information into potential for action, protection and mitigation of harmful effects. It stimulates self-mobilisation and makes excellent use of local knowledge and resources for improved overall capacity.</p> <p>Awareness raising is continually relevant, and should be adapted as information and situation changes. Therefore, awareness raising is not only a first step but a step that can continually offer support to effectively managing flood risks.</p> <p>It is also generally a measure that can accompany many others, explaining to a community the options available to for instance, prevent erosion at a local beach, thereby in theory, informing decision making and improving democratic participation in climate change adaptation and decision making.</p> <h4>Disadvantages</h4> <p>In itself, flood hazard mapping does not cause a reduction in flood risk nor does it directly lead to people adopting risk-reduction measures. Researchers have found that people take action only when</p> <ul> <li>They know what specific actions can be taken to reduce their risks;</li> <li>They are convinced these actions will be effective;</li> <li>They people in their own ability to carry out the tasks.</li> </ul></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-second-descrip field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>Costs</h4> <p>Awareness raising and school education schemes are generally inexpensive in comparison to some other mitigation efforts, however, they also vary in scale, thoroughness, and continuation. For instance, in order to be effective, generally education and awareness raising should include consistent and standard messaging, legitimacy and credibility, and scalability. It may require adaptation to specific local circumstances, such as language translation, or continual evaluation as a situation changes or becomes different. It may also only be effective if it reaches the target stakeholders it was designed for, who may for instance, have low capacity to deal with flood disasters despite having increased their awareness about them. Thus finding, low cost solutions or area specific options is crucial.</p> <p>Thus, awareness raising and education programs are most effective when developed through a participatory approach where needs, expectations, and capacity are measured and information is developed together. Moreover, the more tailored, maintained and thoughtful the approach the more likely it will be to be put into practice.</p></div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/77" hreflang="en">Preparedness</a></div> </div> </div> Thu, 23 Feb 2017 10:25:51 +0000 nst 297 at https://coastal-management.eu EXAMPLE: MOSE system of mobile flood barriers, Venice (IT) https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-mose-system-mobile-flood-barriers-venice-it <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">EXAMPLE: MOSE system of mobile flood barriers, Venice (IT)</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/6" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">nst</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Tue, 02/07/2017 - 09:35</span> <div class="field field--name-field-adressed-disks field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/52" hreflang="en">Flash floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/37" hreflang="en">Coastal floods or storm surges</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/57" hreflang="en">Reduction</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/59" hreflang="en">Water flow regulation</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-coastal-defence-st field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/32" hreflang="en">Hold the line</a></div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/67" hreflang="en">Grey infrastructure</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Venice, Italy, is a city famous around the world for not only its stunning canals and historic buildings, but also for its high vulnerability to flooding. The MOSE system of mobile flood barriers is a bold initiative intended reduce risk, preserve the cherished cityscape, and protect the entire Venice Lagoon from flooding.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Based on information from the project <a href="https://www.mosevenezia.eu/?lang=en">website</a></p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>General description</h4> <p>The MOSE (short for “Modulo Sperimentale Elettromeccanico” in Italian) system consists of four mobile barriers closing off three inlets in the Venice Lagoon. The barriers themselves are made up of 78 flap gates that are installed at the bottom of the inlets to separate the lagoon from the sea when raised. The system takes approximately 30 minutes to open and can be closed in 15 minutes, but takes on average five hours to close. Once raised, the barriers are able to withstand three meters of high tide. The barrier at the Malamocco inlet even has a lock system installed to allow merchant and industrial ships to cross while the MOSE system is in operation to reduce interference on port activities.</p> <p>Seasonal high water is a constant threat to Venice, and the city has adapted with raised walkways, waterproofed buildings, and power outlets installed halfway up the wall in businesses and homes. Flooded scenes of a usually picturesque St Mark’s Square can be explained due to the fact that it is the city’s lowest point. However, more extreme high tides that occur roughly every three years and can raise water levels by over a meter present a much greater risk to Venice’s cultural heritage and justify a system such as MOSE.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-second-descrip field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>Governance aspects</h4> <p><span lang="EN-GB" xml:lang="EN-GB" xml:lang="EN-GB">Venice and its Lagoon is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, which makes its protection even more important. The MOSE project was implemented by the Italian Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport and managed by the Consorzio Venezia Nuova for the purposes safeguarding Venice and the lagoon. The decision to construct the mobile flood barriers was made after collaboration between all levels of government and consideration of various other coastal defence measures.</span></p> <h4><span lang="EN-GB" xml:lang="EN-GB" xml:lang="EN-GB">Innovative aspects</span></h4> <p>The MOSE system in its entirety is an impressive and innovation response to the threat of coastal flooding and erosion, both from a construction and coordination standpoint. The hydrological and geophysical profile of the Venice Lagoon needed to be fully considered when designing the barriers and their final locations.</p> <p>While the MOSE Control Centre uses advanced technology to predict flooding, model the effects of gate manoeuvres, predict port traffic, determine warning levels, and so on, the MOSE project also employs other smaller scale measures to optimise the overall goal of flood risk reduction in the lagoon. These local defences consist of raising quaysides, roads, walkways, and installing smaller gates in the urban canals in the lagoon settlements, known as the “Baby MOSE” gates. This holistic and comprehensive approach to encouraging protection for the entire lagoon, aside from that which is provided by MOSE, is also innovative.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-key-lessons field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Key lessons learnt</div> <div class="field__item"><p>It is not easy to construct such large-scale defences in fragile environments, but, as the MOSE system illustrates, sometimes this approach is necessary to provide significant long-term protection. Venice represents an especially vulnerable coastal city with globally significant heritage sites and a very active tourism industry. With so much at risk, the MOSE system will ensure businesses, residents, and visitors will be able to enjoy the fabled canals, palaces, and plazas without the threat of flooding and building damage. The implementation of local defences diversifies the resilience of the settlements in the lagoon and increases the rate of success for the MOSE project.</p></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-relevant-case-studies-and- field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Relevant case studies and examples</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/flood-and-storm-surge-barrier" hreflang="en">Flood and storm surge barrier</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-further-readings field--type-link field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Further Readings</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="http://www.citylab.com/tech/2016/09/venices-vast-new-flood-barrier-is-almost-here/498935/">CityLab: Venice's Vast New Flood Barrier Is Almost Here</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/75" hreflang="en">Prevention</a></div> </div> </div> Tue, 07 Feb 2017 08:35:19 +0000 nst 288 at https://coastal-management.eu EXAMPLE: Relocation of Clavell Tower, Dorset (UK) https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-relocation-clavell-tower-dorset-uk <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">EXAMPLE: Relocation of Clavell Tower, Dorset (UK)</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/6" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">nst</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Thu, 01/26/2017 - 16:00</span> <div class="field field--name-field-adressed-disks field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/36" hreflang="en">Erosion</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/56" hreflang="en">Removal or relocation</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-coastal-defence-st field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/72" hreflang="en">Managed retreat</a></div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/66" hreflang="en">Combined approach (grey + green)</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>By 2002, historic Clavell Tower was deemed to be at serious risk of collapsing under the crumbling Dorset coastline at its base. The most technically, socially, and financially feasible solution was to simply dismantle the empty tower and reconstruct it further away from the cliff’s edge on more stable footing. This resulted in a reinvigorated heritage site saved from the dangers of coastal erosion.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Based on information from <a href="https://www.landmarktrust.org.uk/search-and-book/properties/clavell-tower-6222#tabs=Overview">The Landmark Trust </a></p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>General description</h4> <p>Located high on a cliff on the Dorset coast of southern England overlooking Kimmeridge Bay, Clavell Tower is a four story circular tower originally built in 1830. The soft and easily erodible shales of the cliff had been steadily crumbling and retreating towards the tower since its construction.</p> <p>The responsible organisation for managing Clavell Tower, the Landmark Trust, decided that the most feasible solution for this kind of coastal erosion threat was to dismantle the ageing tower and re-erect it on a more stable base further away from the cliffs edge.</p> <p>The eroding coastline for which Clavell Tower calls home happens to be a UNESCO World Heritage Site known as the Jurassic Coast. It is a popular tourist destination for its natural beauty and geological significance. As such, it is unlikely that more intrusive coastal erosion measures that could be used to stabilize the cliff would be approved. Relocating the tower itself was a more socially acceptable solution.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-second-descrip field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>Innovative & Cost-effectiveness aspects of the measure<em> </em></h4> <p>Dismantling and re-erecting Clavell Tower was simply the most technically and financially feasible solution for the Landmark Trust to undertake. Four years of fundraising efforts and external funding from the Heritage Lottery Fund allowed the project to commence by 2006. To offset some of the costs and ensure future revenue for maintenance and heritage preservation, the Landmark Trust also currently manages Clavell Tower as a hotel.</p> <p>This kind of heritage conservation strategy is clearly the most intrusive possible and would not have been undertaken if it was not the most suitable option. Conservation staff carefully recorded and surveyed all the physical aspects of the tower so that the replication was as true to the original as possible. Sightlines from the tower across the bay and landscapes were also replicated as best as possible when orienting the tower in the new location. Lastly, the new tower was built in such a way as to allow additional future relocation should the eroding cliff’s edge make it necessary again.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-key-lessons field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Key lessons learnt</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Even in heritage conservation, where intrusion and alterations are avoided whenever possible, sometimes drastic measures must be taken to combat the threat of coastal erosion. Relocating heritage sites to safer ground is a suitable solution, especially when the eroding coastline is deemed globally significant and has challenging terrain. Dismantling and re-erecting Clavell Tower was not a decision taken lightly, but it has proven to be a successful measure in preserving the tower’s positing as a valued historic landmark on a World Heritage Site.</p></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-relevant-case-studies-and- field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Relevant case studies and examples</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/exposed-element-relocation-and-removal" hreflang="en">Exposed element relocation and removal</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/75" hreflang="en">Prevention</a></div> </div> </div> Thu, 26 Jan 2017 15:00:34 +0000 nst 278 at https://coastal-management.eu EXAMPLE: Seawall at Skara Brae, Scotland (UK) https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-seawall-skara-brae-scotland-uk <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">EXAMPLE: Seawall at Skara Brae, Scotland (UK)</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/6" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">nst</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Tue, 01/24/2017 - 09:37</span> <div class="field field--name-field-adressed-disks field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/37" hreflang="en">Coastal floods or storm surges</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/36" hreflang="en">Erosion</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/57" hreflang="en">Reduction</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-coastal-defence-st field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/32" hreflang="en">Hold the line</a></div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/67" hreflang="en">Grey infrastructure</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Skara Brae is one of Scotland’s most significant and famous UNESCO World Heritage Sites and it has been under constant threat of damage due to coastal erosion for decades. Fortunately, a seawall protects the base of this archaeological site from the erosive power of waves and storm events.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Based on information from <a href="http://blog.historicenvironment.scot/2016/05/3d-4d-digital-monitoring-sea-defences-skara-brae/">Historic Environment Scotland</a> and <a href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/514">UNESCO World Heritage Centre.</a></p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>General description</h4> <p>The 5000 year old settlement of Skara Brae is one of the four monuments that make up the Heart of Neolithic Orkney, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is also quite possibly one of Scotland’s most at-risk historic sites due to coastal erosion. Ironically, Skara Brae was only discovered as a result of coastal erosion from major storm events since the 1800’s.</p> <p>The risk of coastal erosion to Skara Brae was addressed in the early days of its heritage management. The first seawall was constructed in the late 1920’s, and has been refortified several times since then. Like all seawalls, this 4-meter high wall serves as a protective barrier that is able to absorb the brunt of wave action and thereby shield vulnerable infrastructure, or in this case archaeological structures, from eroding.</p> <p>Historic Environment Scotland, the public body responsible for managing Scotland’s heritage sites, has been over the years maintaining the integrity of the wall, with the support of other organizations. There has also been extensive monitoring of the entire bay area to determine the rate and location of erosion so that additional fortification can be made. Skara Brae is a cherished piece of Scotland’s history and therefore has much public support for protection from coastal erosion.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-second-descrip field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>Innovative aspects</h4> <p>Considering the early adoption of a seawall protection measure for Skara Brae, Scottish authorities have been quite proactive in ensuring the long term reduction of coastal erosion at this heritage site. With the first wall erected in the late 1920’s, this measure was a relatively pioneering tactic for heritage conservation. Today, Historic Environment Scotland has also employed the latest technologies of 3D and 4D digital surveying to monitor the state of erosion along the coast and measure the ongoing effectiveness of the sea wall.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-key-lessons field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Key lessons learnt</div> <div class="field__item"><p>When it comes to vulnerable heritages sites along eroding coastlines, time is of the essence. While powerful storms throughout history revealed the existence of Skara Brae to the world, these same storm events and constant wave action threaten the longevity of the site as a place for future generations to enjoy. The prompt action of Scottish authorities to construct a seawall to protect the archaeological site decades ago has since been proven to have been a wise decision. Knowing what we know about the possibility of more hidden archaeological sites in the area, it is important to continue the monitoring efforts to not only assess the stability of Skara Brae, but also the impacts of the seawall as an element of the natural environment. The Bay of Skaill is a dynamic and ever changing system, and it is possible that the seawall might increase erosion from intensified wave action on the unprotected sand dunes on either side of Skara Brea.</p></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-relevant-case-studies-and- field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Relevant case studies and examples</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/seawall-or-revetment" hreflang="en">Seawall or Revetment</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-further-readings field--type-link field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Further Readings</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/north_east/8181061.stm">BBC report on Skara Brae</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/75" hreflang="en">Prevention</a></div> </div> </div> Tue, 24 Jan 2017 08:37:41 +0000 nst 241 at https://coastal-management.eu Spatial Planning and Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) https://coastal-management.eu/measure/spatial-planning-and-integrated-coastal-zone-management-iczm <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Spatial Planning and Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/6" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">nst</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Thu, 11/10/2016 - 13:42</span> <div class="field field--name-field-adressed-disks field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/53" hreflang="en">Riverine or slow rise floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/52" hreflang="en">Flash floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/35" hreflang="en">Estuarine floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/37" hreflang="en">Coastal floods or storm surges</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/54" hreflang="en">Urban floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/36" hreflang="en">Erosion</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/63" hreflang="en">Emergency Event and Contingency Planning</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/64" hreflang="en">Public Awareness and Preparedness</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/68" hreflang="en">Non-structural measure</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Coastal and marine environments are usually characterized by beautiful landscapes and rich ecosystems of great importance, offering elements such as rich biodiversity. They also attract human activities such as tourism and industrial uses. However, the co-existence of human activities and natural resources often creates conflicts of use in the coastal zone.</p> <p>Management policies are an important means of implementing planning in order to minimise, prevent or resolve use conflicts. The development of a coastal and marine spatial planning system presents an opportunity for the implementation of an overall strategy of conservation, sustainability and management to maximise future economic profit.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Based on "<strong>Papatheochari, Dora</strong> (2008): <em>Spatial Planning and Integrated Coastal Zone Management</em>. Available from <a href="http://www.coastalwiki.org/wiki/Spatial_Planning_and_Integrated_Coastal_Zone_Management">http://www.coastalwiki.org/wiki/Spatial_Planning_and_Integrated_Coastal_Zone_Management</a> [accessed on 10-11-2016]"</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>Spatial Planning</h4> <p>Previously, the role of spatial planning focussed intensively on economic and social development. Gradually, environmental dimensions were taken into account, especially through the appearance of sustainable development in environmentally important areas. Spatial planning in Europe promotes environmental sustainability, examining the concept of development which meets environmental, social and economic needs of present and future generations as well as policy and planning instruments to promote such development. It also encourages spatial integration of development perspectives demonstrating how social cohesion, regional innovation and sustainable development can interplay in real planning situations, using policies and planning tools, such as Environmental Impact Assessment and European Spatial Development Perspective.</p> <p>Through the use of Geographical Information Systems (GIS), spatial planning has been used to define and map coastal and marine areas. It is essential to examine not only environmental impacts of individual activities but to research cumulative effects of multiple activities occurring in an area. Mapping coastal and marine areas in detail allows the opportunity to identify those areas at particular risk from possible pollution or excessive disturbance and to examine in detail how many activities are occurring.</p> <h4>Integrated Coastal Zone Management</h4> <p>Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) is a dynamic, continuous and iterative process designed to promote sustainable management of coastal zones. ICZM projects cover various geographical areas, from local regions to spatially extensive coastal areas. The “Integrated” in ICZM refers both to the integration of objectives and to the integration of the multiple instruments needed to meet these objectives. ICZM includes the integration of all relevant policy areas, sectors, and levels of administration as well as the terrestrial and marine components of the geographical area under consideration. The word 'Integrated' also refers to four types of integration: spatial, temporal, vertical and horizontal.</p> <h4>Comparing Spatial Planning and Integrated Coastal Zone Management</h4> <p>A common goal of spatial planning and ICZM is to define, develop and protect coastal zones; ICZM is most common at the local scale while spatial planning is often applied at larger scales. Both share policies with the same goal, the resolution of land use conflicts for the development and conservation of coastal and marine environment. Spatial planning at the national level is essential in order to examine the impact of human activities in urban and regional coastal zones. Coastal Zone Management is becoming increasingly necessar because of the increasing importance of coastal and marine exploitation/development and protection.</p> <p>An enabling environment at the European level could provide the framework in which countries can develop more appropriate integrated coastal zone management policies, including investment strategies, integrated development plans (spatial and functional) and resource management strategies.</p> <p>The most important issue for both spatial planning and ICZM are the effective and successful implementation of planning systems and policies as well as a better understanding and definition of coastal and marine areas. A common perspective of European coasts must be adopted in order to improve management and planning of activities in coastal and marine areas.</p></div> <div class="field field--name-field-relevant-case-studies-and- field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Relevant case studies and examples</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-participatory-adaptation-planning-approach-cascais-pt" hreflang="en">EXAMPLE: A participatory adaptation planning approach, Cascais (PT)</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-developing-attica-wetland-action-plan-gr" hreflang="en">EXAMPLE: Developing an Attica Wetland Action Plan (GR)</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/75" hreflang="en">Prevention</a></div> </div> </div> Thu, 10 Nov 2016 12:42:35 +0000 nst 187 at https://coastal-management.eu Flood and hazard forecasting https://coastal-management.eu/measure/flood-and-hazard-forecasting <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Flood and hazard forecasting</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/27" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">giacomo.cazzola</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Thu, 09/15/2016 - 14:13</span> <div class="field field--name-field-adressed-disks field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/53" hreflang="en">Riverine or slow rise floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/52" hreflang="en">Flash floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/35" hreflang="en">Estuarine floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/37" hreflang="en">Coastal floods or storm surges</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/54" hreflang="en">Urban floods</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/62" hreflang="en">Flood Forecasting and Warning</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/68" hreflang="en">Non-structural measure</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Flood forecasting is an essential tool for providing people still exposed to risk with advance notice of flooding, in an effort to save life and property.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><em>Based on: <a href="https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/2241">Jha, Abhas K., Robin Bloch, and Jessica Lamond. Cities and Flooding: A Guide to Integrated Urban Flood Risk Management for the 21st Century. World Bank Publications, 2012.</a></em></p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Different flood forecasting service models exist based on the needs of end users: a system may be developed for the public or strictly dedicated to the authorities. There is no single consistent approach worldwide but the basic principles of a good warning system are shared by all. These comprise:</p> <ul> <li>Better detection in times of need well before the actual event occurs</li> <li>Interpretation of the detected phenomena and forecasting this to the areas likely to be affected</li> <li>Dissemination of the warning message to the relevant authorities and public via the media and other communication systems.</li> </ul> <p>The fourth and final aspect is to encourage the appropriate response by the recipients by preparing for the upcoming event. This can be improved through flood response planning by people at risk and their support groups.</p> <h4>Uncertainty in flood forecasting</h4> <p>Models, by definition, are approximations of reality. As described earlier, all models suffer from a certain level of approximation or uncertainty in spite of powerful computing systems, data storage and high level technologies. Decision makers have to consider the effects of uncertainties in their decision-making process. Errors in forecasting of an event, for example stage or time of arrival, may lead to under-preparation (at the cost of otherwise avoidable damage) or over-preparation (resulting in unnecessary anxiety). The balance between failure to warn adequately in advance and the corrosive effects of too many false alarms must be carefully managed.</p> <p>The reliability of flood forecasting models relies on the quantification of uncertainty. All natural hazards are uncertain. The various sources that give rise to uncertainty in forecasting and early warning can be classified (Maskey. 2004) as:</p> <ul> <li>Model Uncertainty</li> <li>Parameter Uncertainty</li> <li>Input Uncertainty</li> <li>Natural and Operational Uncertainty.</li> </ul> <p>It is necessary to gain a better understanding of the options available to deal with the uncertainties within the system arising from these different sources.</p> <p>In order to produce a forecast, the initial conditions are typically determined by means of observations from rain gauges; these may, however, be unevenly spaced throughout the catchment, leading to uncertainty as to the total volume of rainfall. Where hydrologically important areas (such as steep slopes) are unrepresented, the model may utilize an interpolation method (introducing another element of uncertainty) in order to estimate run-off volume and peak flows. More sophisticated modeling can address these issues, but this in turn may demand high processing speeds and lengthy run-times.</p> <p>To offset some of this uncertainty, operational flood forecasting systems are moving towards Hydrological Ensemble Prediction Systems (HEPS), which are now the ‘state of the art’ in forecasting science (Schaake et al. 2006; Thielen et al. 2008). This method formed part of initiatives such as HEPEX (Hydrological Ensemble Prediction EXperiment) which investigated how best to produce, communicate and use hydrologic ensemble forecasts for short, medium and long-term predictions. Despite its demonstrated advantages the use of this system is still limited: it has been installed on an experimental basis in France, Germany, Czech Republic and Hungary.</p> <p>To deal with the uncertainty in spatio-temporal distribution and prediction of rainfall for extreme events, especially through radar derived data, a promising approach has been to combine stochastic simulation and detailed knowledge of radar error structure (Germann et al. 2006a, 2006b, 2009; Rossa et al. 2010). Radar ensembles have the potential benefits of increasing the time for warning especially for flash floods (Zappa et al. 2008). Advanced techniques, such as disdrometer networks (equipment capable of measuring the drop size, distribution and velocity of different kinds of precipitation) and LIDARs are being used to capture small scale rainfall phenomenon, whilst satellite remote sensing is more appropriate for regional and global level applications. A combination of all these methods and blending information is considered to be the most promising way forward.</p> <p>There are a several useful examples of such systems:</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://oss.deltares.nl/web/delft-fews/">DELFT-FEWS</a>: one of the state of the art hydrological forecasting and warning systems developed by Deltares. This system is an integration of a number of sophisticated modules specialized in their individual capacities and the system is highly configurable and versatile. The system can be used as a standalone environment, or it can be used as a compliant client server application. Through its advanced modular system FEWS has managed to reduce the challenges like handling and integration of large datasets to a considerable extent.</li> <li><a href="http://www.sutron.com/product/alert-flood-warning-station/">Automated Local Evaluation in Real Time</a> (ALERT) is the method used within the AUG member states to transmit data and information using remote sensors for warning against flash floods.</li> <li>Central America Flash Flood Guidance is an example of regional flash flood warning. The national Hydrologic Warning Council (NHWC) has member countries across North America and many parts around the world; it is also a major organization in data dissemination for early warning for flood events.</li> <li>The<a href="http://www.mrcmekong.org/"> Mekong River Commission</a> flood forecasting system, discussed above, has been operating since 1970. It is an integrated system which provides timely forecasting to its member countries. It consists of three main systems of data collection and transmission, forecast operation and information dissemination at both national and regional level.</li> <li>The Southern African regional model for flood forecasting Stream Flow Model (SFM) has been applied after the Mozambique flood in 2000. The USGS along with Earth Resource Observation System (EROS) supports monitoring and modeling capacities of Southern African Countries.</li> <li>Regional Water Authority of Mozambique (ARA-Sul) is responsible for issuing flood warning and real time forecasting. The system is operational in Southern Africa with a mean area of 3,500 square kilometers. A simplified flood warning system, the Mozambique Flood Warning Project, is specially tailored to the needs of the local population. It also involves the local people and trains them to install, monitor and maintain the structures.</li> <li>Hydro Met Emergency Flood Recovery Project is used in Poland.</li> <li>Bhutan’s Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOFs) Iridium Satellite Communications is used as the telemetry back-bone for Bhutan’s GLOF Early Warning Project.</li> <li>In the Toronto region of Canada, the Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (TRCA) flood forecasting and warning system is used; this is a scalable flood warning system including web-based data and video for nine watersheds.</li> <li>The Automatic Dam Data acquisition and alarm reporting system, is the Puerto Rican System to obtain, monitor and analyze, in real- time, critical safety parameters such as inflows, outflows, gate openings and lake elevations for 29 principal reservoirs</li> <li><a href="http://www.cwc.nic.in/">Central Water Commission</a> (CWC) in India provides the Turnkey Flood forecasting system across 14 states having 168 remote sites in six river basins.</li> </ul></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-literature-sources field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Literature sources</div> <div class="field__item"><h5>Maskey, S., Guinot, V. and Price, R.K. 2004. “Treatment of precipitation uncertainty in rainfall-runoff modeling: a fuzzy set approach.” Advances in Water Resources 27 (9): 889-98.</h5> <h5>Schaake, J., Franz, K., Bradley, A., and Buizza, R. 2006. “The Hydrological Ensemble Prediction Experiment (HEPEX).” Hydrological and Earth System Sciences Discussions 3: 3321–32.</h5> <h5>Thielen, J., Schaake, J., Hartman, R. and Buizza, R. 2008. “Aims, challenges and progress of the hydrological ensemble prediction experiment (HEPEX) following the third HEPEX workshop held in Stres 27-29 June 2007.” Atmospheric Science Letters 9: 29-35.</h5> <h5>Germann, U., Berenguer, M., Sempere-Torres, D., and Salvadè, G. 2006a. “Ensemble radar precipitation estimation — a new topic on the radar horizon.” Proceedings of the 4th European Conference on Radar in Meteorology and Hydrology (ERAD). Barcelona. September 18–22, 2006. 559–62.</h5> <h5>Germann U., Galli, G., Boscacci, M, and Bolliger M. 2006b. “Radar precipitation measurement in a mountainous region.” Quarterly Journal Royal Meteorological Society 132: 1669–92.</h5> <h5>Germann, U., Berenguer, M., Sempere-Torres, D., and Zappa, M. 2009. “REAL — Ensemble radar precipitation estimation for hydrology in a mountainous region.” Quarterly Journal Royal Meteorological Society 135: 445–56.</h5> <h5>Rossa, A. M., Cenzon, G. and Monai, M. 2010. “Quantitative comparison of radar QPE to rain gauges for the 26 September 2007 Venice Mestre fl ood.” Natural Hazards and Earth System Science 10 (2): 371–7.</h5> <h5>Zappa, M., Rotach, M.W., Arpagaus, M., Dorninger, M., Hegg, C., Montani, A., Ranzi, R., Ament, F., Germann, U., Grossi, G., Jaun, S., Rossa, A., Vogt, S., Walser, A., Wehrhan, J., and Wunram, C. 2008. “MAP D-PHASE: Real-time demonstration of hydrological ensemble prediction systems.” Atmospheric Science Letters 2: 80–7.</h5></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/77" hreflang="en">Preparedness</a></div> </div> </div> Thu, 15 Sep 2016 12:13:22 +0000 giacomo.cazzola 106 at https://coastal-management.eu Evacuation planning https://coastal-management.eu/measure/evacuation-planning <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Evacuation planning</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/27" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">giacomo.cazzola</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Thu, 09/15/2016 - 13:39</span> <div class="field field--name-field-adressed-disks field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/53" hreflang="en">Riverine or slow rise floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/52" hreflang="en">Flash floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/35" hreflang="en">Estuarine floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/37" hreflang="en">Coastal floods or storm surges</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/54" hreflang="en">Urban floods</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/63" hreflang="en">Emergency Event and Contingency Planning</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/68" hreflang="en">Non-structural measure</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>To minimize the loss of lives and reduce other flood impacts, an area should be evacuated when the depth of standing water due to flooding is already or is expected to become high. Such floods are defined as those which are expected to cause buildings, including residential houses, to be washed away or seriously damaged by the flooding.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Based on:<em> <a href="https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/2241">Jha, Abhas K., Robin Bloch, and Jessica Lamond. Cities and Flooding: A Guide to Integrated Urban Flood Risk Management for the 21st Century. World Bank Publications, 2012.</a></em></p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>Organizational aspects of evacuation planning</h4> <p>An interdisciplinary planning organization must be set up covering the key institutions that have remits relating to disaster and specifically flood management. This organization can be a Community Flood Management Committee (CFMC). In addition to the CFMC, evacuation centers should also be established in appropriate settlements.</p> <p>The members of the CFMC should have knowledge of evacuation and rescue operation and emergency, including medical care (if this is not the case, then basic training should be provided to them). Evacuation plans should be prepared after discussion with the community. Participatory planning will increase people’s awareness and ability to cope and manage flood risk. The evacuation plan should be available to all members of the community, including the most vulnerable.</p> <p>Dissemination of information on flood risk and flood preparedness requires the organization of regular community meetings. Such meetings can take place before the onset of the rainy season, or monsoon. It is vital that evacuation drills will be held regularly to test the effectiveness of the evacuation plans.</p> <p>The evacuation plan should delineate an escape route and also identify small- scale works that may be needed to make the route safer. Such works can be executed in cooperation with the community as well as with external support. The evacuation plan should also determine modes of transport and access routes for evacuation and rescue operations and relief projects. In addition, the evacuation plan should identify open spaces and buildings to be used as evacuation centers. These can function as described by Arnold, Chen, Deichmann et al. (2006: 149).</p> <ul> <li>Temporary shelters and refuges</li> <li>Hospitals, possibly in existing buildings with stored supplies and basic medical equipment</li> <li>Information centers, with uninterrupted linkages to the central communications system</li> <li>Supply distribution points for basic survival supplies, such as water, food, and blankets</li> <li>Sanitary facilities, including toilets, showers, and waste disposal units.</li> </ul> <p>To develop evacuation plans and carry out the tasks outlined above, maps showing the most exposed areas to flood risk should be available.  <a href="http://coastal-management.eu/measure/early-warning-systems">EWS </a>should also be in place to give advance notice of an impending flood allowing evacuation plans to be put into action. Even when a flood is not as severe as predicted, these preparations help test evacuation plans and inform the communities as to the nature of flood risk.</p> <p> </p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-second-descrip field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>Provision of flood shelters and refuges</h4> <p>As stated in UNDP (2009:36): “Shelter is likely to be one of the most important determinants of general living conditions and is often one of the largest items of non-recurring expenditure.”</p> <p>Shelters and refuges must, as a minimum:</p> <ul> <li>Provide protection from the climate conditions</li> <li>Provide space to live and store personal belongings</li> <li>Ensure dignity, privacy, safety and emotional security.</li> </ul> <p>In most emergencies there is a common basic need for shelters or refuges. However, issues such as the type and the design of the shelter, the required materials, by whom it is constructed, and the duration it is expected to last, will vary significantly according to the situation. Vulnerability analysis can identify the basic needs and priorities of the affected population in relation to shelters. Safe areas for flood shelters or refuges may include:</p> <ul> <li>Schools</li> <li>Religious meeting places (such as temples, churches, mosques)</li> <li>Community centers</li> <li>Higher ground (such as roofs, upper floors, embankments)</li> <li>Military installations</li> <li>Barracks.</li> </ul> <h4>Location and size of shelters and refuges</h4> <p>The need for the location and size of shelters and refuges needs to be decided in consultation with the communities. Transportation between the shelters and social and work locations for the displaced population should be considered. Existing social practices, and the provision and maintenance of shared resources (such as water, sanitation facilities and cooking) should be taken into consideration in the design of shelters and also in the allocation of space within shelters and plots. The plot layout in the evacuation centers must preserve the privacy and dignity of individual households.</p> <p>The use of materials and the type of shelter that are most commonly used among refugees or the local population is to be preferred for the construction of shelters. The design of the shelter must follow the simplest principles and structures. The provision of a solid and robust roof is the main requirement, and even when a complete shelter cannot be provided, adequate roofing should always be the priority.</p> <p>Plastic tarpaulins can be easily found in most cases. Tents are not always the best type of shelter because it is not easy to live in them and also they cannot provide adequate protection against extreme climate conditions. Nevertheless, in certain cases, tents may be used as storage facilities, or to set up hospitals, schools and other facilities. The success of the evacuation centers highly depends on these facilities.</p> <h4>Communications between shelters and refuges</h4> <p>The success of an evacuation plan is highly dependent on the efficacy of the communication systems. Established communication systems must ensure that the relevant authorities are promptly informed, for example by radio or telephone. The sharing of information is essential to achieve a better understanding of the problems. Coordination among all those involved in an evacuation operation is necessary to assure that the evacuation plan is being implemented successfully.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-key-lessons field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Key lessons learnt</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Evacuation plans minimize the risks and impacts of flooding for the population of cities and towns.</p></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-relevant-case-studies-and- field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Relevant case studies and examples</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-london-mass-evacuation-framework-uk" hreflang="en">EXAMPLE: London Mass Evacuation Framework (UK)</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-literature-sources field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Literature sources</div> <div class="field__item"><h5>Arnold, M., Chen, R.S., Deichmann, U., Dilley, M., Lerner-Lam, A.L., Pullen, R.E. and Trohanis, Z. ed. 2006. Natural Disaster Hotspot Case Studies. Washington, DC: World Bank Hazard Management Unit.</h5> <h5>UNDP (United Nations Development Program). 2009. Emergency Relief Items, Compendium of Generic Specifi cations. Geneva: UNDP.</h5></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/77" hreflang="en">Preparedness</a></div> </div> </div> Thu, 15 Sep 2016 11:39:02 +0000 giacomo.cazzola 105 at https://coastal-management.eu Early warning systems https://coastal-management.eu/measure/early-warning-systems <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Early warning systems</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/27" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">giacomo.cazzola</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Thu, 09/15/2016 - 13:06</span> <div class="field field--name-field-adressed-disks field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/53" hreflang="en">Riverine or slow rise floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/52" hreflang="en">Flash floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/35" hreflang="en">Estuarine floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/37" hreflang="en">Coastal floods or storm surges</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/54" hreflang="en">Urban floods</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/62" hreflang="en">Flood Forecasting and Warning</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/68" hreflang="en">Non-structural measure</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The purpose of early warning systems (EWS) is simple. They exist to give advance notice of an impending flood, allowing emergency plans to be put into action. EWS, when used appropriately, can save lives and reduce other adverse impacts.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Based on: <a href="https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/2241"> <em>Jha, Abhas K., Robin Bloch, and Jessica Lamond. Cities and Flooding: A Guide to Integrated Urban Flood Risk Management for the 21st Century. World Bank Publications, 2012.</em></a></p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Warning systems can be used to alert relevant authorities or the public or both. The scale of a warning system can be national, based on a river basin, or local and run by volunteers. Most are stand-alone national operations, but warning systems have been developed covering several international rivers, such as the Rhine, Danube, Elbe and Mosel in Europe, the Mekong, Indus and Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna basins in Asia and the Zambezi in Southern Africa (United Nations 2006). However, the utility of EWS is crucially dependent on the underlying forecasting system, the quality of emergency plans and the level of preparedness of the community at risk. The quality of forecasting is also dependent on the nature of the hazard. Warning systems related to river flooding have a longer lead time than those for cyclonic events; seismic induced tsunamis may have very short warning periods. Forecasting flash flooding is also very problematic; this has implications for developing nations which are more exposed to such risks, due to the prevalence of monsoon type flooding. Whilst there is general agreement about the desirability of EWS, the implementation of such a system is necessarily subject to local factors.</p> <h3>Essentials for an effective EWS</h3> <p>The four main essentials for any flood warning system are:</p> <ul> <li>Detection of the conditions likely to lead to potential flooding, such as intense rainfall, prolonged rainfall, storms or snowmelt</li> <li>Forecasting how those conditions will translate into flood hazards using modeling systems, pre-prepared scenarios or historical comparisons</li> <li>Warning via messages developed to be both locality- and recipient-relevant and broadcasting these warnings as appropriate</li> <li>Response to the actions of those who receive the warnings based on specific instructions or pre-prepared emergency plans</li> </ul> <p>Failure in any one of the four key elements of an EWS will lead to a lack of effectiveness. Inaccurate forecasts may lead to populations ignoring warnings issued subsequently.</p> <p>The lack of clear warning and instruction may have resulted, for example, in the deaths of people escaping the Big Thompson Canyon flood in the US in the 1970s. Without clear instructions many people were killed trying to drive out of the canyon rather than taking the safer option of abandoning cars and climbing to higher ground.</p> <p>Finally, the case of Hurricane Katrina demonstrated the scenario where clear advanced warnings failed to protect the population because the evacuation planning was inadequate.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-second-descrip field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><h3>Organizational aspects of flood warning dissemination</h3> <p>There are multiple communication channels by which a flood warning may be broadcast and the choice of media will vary depending on the intended recipients. It is also essential to consider the use of media that will be robust to the impacts of a flood.</p> <p>The most successful warning services use a combination of media, ideally with consistent messages and timescales, as well as the response the message hopes to initiate. For example, an individuals whose home is likely to be flooded will probably react best to a personal message either via phone, fax or in person; people who should avoid travelling to or through an affected area may prefer a news bulletin backed up by an internet or press map of the affected area.</p> <h3>Costs and resources</h3> <p>Setting up a warning system may be a low cost option for countries and is often seen as the first line of defense for that reason. The cost will be lowest in nations with existing and adequate forecasting and monitoring services. In this case the setting up of a warning center can be a very low cost process and this can be quickly established during consultation and stakeholder identification.</p> <p>Setting up adequate forecasting and monitoring serviced can require much larger investments in expertise, software and hardware for modeling and monitoring equipment. The lead time to establish forecasts of the required reliability and timeliness may be a deterrent.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-key-lessons field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Key lessons learnt</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Once established the service will require continuous investment in manpower, data and other resources in order to be functionally useful. Recruitment and retention of qualified personnel, continuity of funds and operations and maintenance of monitoring, modeling and dissemination equipment can be key challenges in the long term sustainability of systems. This can be particularly acute for low frequency events.</p></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-relevant-case-studies-and- field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Relevant case studies and examples</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-early-warning-system-sogn-og-fjordane-nor" hreflang="en">EXAMPLE: Early warning system in Sogn og Fjordane (NOR)</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-literature-sources field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Literature sources</div> <div class="field__item"><h5>United Nations. 2006. Global survey of early warning systems. UN.</h5></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/77" hreflang="en">Preparedness</a></div> </div> </div> Thu, 15 Sep 2016 11:06:41 +0000 giacomo.cazzola 104 at https://coastal-management.eu Emergency planning https://coastal-management.eu/measure/emergency-planning <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Emergency planning</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/27" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">giacomo.cazzola</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Thu, 09/15/2016 - 12:47</span> <div class="field field--name-field-adressed-disks field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/53" hreflang="en">Riverine or slow rise floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/52" hreflang="en">Flash floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/35" hreflang="en">Estuarine floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/37" hreflang="en">Coastal floods or storm surges</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/54" hreflang="en">Urban floods</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/63" hreflang="en">Emergency Event and Contingency Planning</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/68" hreflang="en">Non-structural measure</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>It is vital to recognize that even after the implementation of non-structural flood mitigation measures residual flood risk will remain. It is of paramount importance to make plans to deal with flood events and their aftermath. This involves multiple activities which can be included as part of a flood emergency plan. In this section there is an overview of the elements central to emergency planning.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Based on: <a href="https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/2241"><em>Jha, Abhas K., Robin Bloch, and Jessica Lamond. Cities and Flooding: A Guide to Integrated Urban Flood Risk Management for the 21st Century. World Bank Publications, 2012.</em></a></p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><ul> </ul> <h4>Identifying existing internal organizations</h4> <p>All countries possess existing institutions and organizations that, if coordinated, may be mobilized to meet individual emergencies. The purpose of the emergency plan is to identify these institutions prior to the emergency in order to:</p> <ul> <li>Identify roles and responsibilities.</li> <li>Identify command structures.</li> <li>Facilitate inter-agency cooperation.</li> </ul> <p> The preparation of the emergency plan will help to identify barriers to cooperation, including authority structure and finance, which need to be resolved before flooding occurs.</p> <h4>Identifying appropriate external agencies</h4> <p>Some flooding events may be addressed using existing national resources but many countries do not have sufficient physical and human resources to address regional and national emergencies. It would then be appropriate to invite the assistance of external agencies.</p> <p>The presence of international agencies may, however, overwhelm the host government with the risk that the latter may lose control of the relief effort. This, in turn, can result in the deskilling of local people who may feel it necessary to defer to the external agencies. It should also be recognized that the objectives of external agencies may conflict with those of internal agencies: for example, to ‘showcase’ their charity in high profile emergencies. Managing these agencies is both difficult and time consuming and may require considerable diplomacy.</p> <p>The emergency plan should therefore contain detailed policies, identifying the roles and responsibilities and restrictions on invited agencies.</p> <h4>Damage Avoidance</h4> <p>Actions taken before a flood arrives can significantly reduce the loss of life and the amount of damage suffered. Pre-warning and evacuation planning should therefore be part of an emergency plan. It follows that an early warning system (see Section 4.9) is a central requirement for damage avoidance. Local flood emergency planning could involve, for example, the installation of temporary flood barriers, or the removal of zoo animals (as in the Cologne case study elsewhere in this volume). Deployment of some building design features, <strong>as described in Chapter 3</strong>, may also be dependent on warnings being issued.</p> <p>It is necessary to mobilize personnel and machinery, where available, to protect infrastructure (such as dikes, levees and retention basins); to remove individuals from facilities at risk (such as hospitals, schools, industrial sites, bridges, or individual houses); and to prevent landslides and riverbank erosion. Strengthening and rehabilitation of existing structures and flood-proofing measures can also protect critical infrastructure. Such measures may include sandbagging or establishing temporary earth, wooden or other flood barriers, including mobile flood barriers (WMO 2011).</p> <h4>Flood emergency preparedness activities</h4> <p>To coordinate emergency procedures, a flood management unit (FMU) needs to be set up. Representatives from the local community should be included as members. The FMU will be responsible for developing a business and government continuity plan (BGCP) and for coordinating emergency procedures in a secure flood free location, as identified in the <a href="http://coastal-management.eu/measure/evacuation-planning">evacuation plan</a>. The FMU can also be organized to serve as the local representative, focal point or community partner for wider river-basin level planning. Government continuity planning requires the community to effectively participate throughout the planning process. Participatory planning for emergency situations can help build trust and confidence among stakeholders, enhance cooperation, facilitate information sharing and encourage regular communication (WMO 2011).</p> <p>At a household level a number of strategies can be adopted which will reduce damage as a result of flooding. Including the following:</p> <ul> <li>The identification of household escape routes</li> <li>Installation of temporary flood proofing</li> <li>The identification of elevated buildings (or even mature trees) that can be used as safe havens</li> <li>The moving of property to higher levels</li> <li>The storing of emergency provisions</li> <li>The use of non-flood impacted communications such as radios, mobile phones or even prearranged signals in order to share information</li> <li>The removal of vehicles from the area: their use in the post-flood situation is invaluable.</li> </ul> <h4>Emergency water supplies and sanitation</h4> <p>The flooding will have destroyed existing water supplies and sanitation infrastructure, where applicable; any overflow of sewage will also have polluted water supplies. The emergency plan should therefore identify alternative water supplies, preferably gravity-fed to avoid the need for pumping. The tankering of water is a very short-term solution which uses vehicles and fuel which could be more beneficially employed elsewhere.</p> <p>Similarly, sanitation should be provided close to the displaced population, away from the source of water supply and on unsaturated permeable strata to allow sufficient drainage. These factors should be taken into account when locating refuges and other areas of residence.</p> <h4>Access</h4> <p>Flooding may affect both roads leading to the flooded area as well as those within it. This can include blockages of debris and silt, as well as flooding or washing away.</p> <p>The emergency plan should therefore identify the following:</p> <ul> <li>Access roads to and within the flood zone, avoiding low bridges over rivers, low- lying areas, roads susceptible to land slippage (in cases of flooding caused by heavy precipitation) and highlighting those not susceptible to crime and insecurity.</li> <li>The design and location of permanent signage on principal road routes.</li> </ul> <p>The use of symbols avoids the difficulties of literacy and language.</p> <ul> <li>Suitability of road, railways and airfields, where available, for longer distance transport of supplies.</li> <li>Suitability of ports near main shipping lanes, with sufficient depth and with suitable loading and unloading facilities for international vessels.</li> </ul> <h4>Clearance</h4> <p>Floods deposit large volumes of debris and mud, the clearance of which is essential for the relief effort. The emergency plan should identify how the debris and mud is to be cleared, by whom and where is to be deposited.</p> <h4> </h4> <ul> </ul></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-second-descrip field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>Emergency health facilities</h4> <p>Flooding may generate a range of injuries. The emergency plan should identify:</p> <ul> <li>The suitability of public buildings to act as preliminary treatment centers (such as schools, government offices or similar).</li> <li>Existing hospital facilities, away from the likely flood area, that may be developed with specialist services and equipment.</li> <li>The method of evacuation for those with more serious injuries.</li> <li>A system of vaccination.</li> <li>The suitability of public areas (such as parks and schools), for the siting of mobile clinics units, temporary camps and distribution centers.</li> <li>The provision of power, as electricity supplies (where these exist) are likely to have been severed.</li> </ul> <h4>Energy</h4> <p>It is likely that the floods will destroy access to energy resources, be they electricity or, in less developed areas, other forms of fuel including wood and animal dung. The emergency plan should identify:</p> <ul> <li>The local fuel resources and their continued accessibility during and after a flood.</li> <li>Alternative sources of energy (for example, generators) and the fuel to run them.</li> <li>Key institutions such as hospitals which should be supplied with these alternative sources and the methodology for ensuring their continued availability between floods.</li> </ul> <h4>Security</h4> <p>Emergency situations, and the breakdown of the normal standards of society and their enforcement, often create opportunities for theft and corruption.</p> <p>The emergency plan should therefore include:</p> <ul> <li>The securing of the facilities identified in the emergency plan, between and during flood events.</li> <li>The visible deployment of reliable security forces immediately post flood to deter looting.</li> <li>External auditing of government functions for efficiency and probity.</li> </ul></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-key-lessons field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Key lessons learnt</div> <div class="field__item"><p>An appropriate and implementable emergency plan can:</p> <ul> <li>Facilitate emergency response.</li> <li>Minimize the impacts of flooding.</li> <li>Allocate resources efficiently.</li> <li>Reduce confusion.</li> <li>Facilitate recovery.</li> </ul></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-literature-sources field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Literature sources</div> <div class="field__item"><h5>WMO. 2011. Flood Emergency Planning: A tool for Integrated Flood Management. Associated Program on Flood Management.</h5></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/77" hreflang="en">Preparedness</a></div> </div> </div> Thu, 15 Sep 2016 10:47:05 +0000 giacomo.cazzola 103 at https://coastal-management.eu Health planning and awareness campaigns https://coastal-management.eu/measure/health-planning-and-awareness-campaigns <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Health planning and awareness campaigns</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/27" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">giacomo.cazzola</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Thu, 09/15/2016 - 12:31</span> <div class="field field--name-field-adressed-disks field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/53" hreflang="en">Riverine or slow rise floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/52" hreflang="en">Flash floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/35" hreflang="en">Estuarine floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/37" hreflang="en">Coastal floods or storm surges</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/54" hreflang="en">Urban floods</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/64" hreflang="en">Public Awareness and Preparedness</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/68" hreflang="en">Non-structural measure</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>An urban flood event requires immediate measures to ensure that citizens have safe drinking water, including appropriate excreta disposal, disease vector control and waste management. However, during and after a flood event is not necessarily the best time to communicate health messages to individuals and organizations, as they may be dispersed and not have access to the necessary resources. Health Awareness Campaigns are vital ‘soft’ interventions alongside hardware provision (waste water treatment, for example); together they can help preserve public health by increasing preparedness. Health awareness and hygiene promotion campaigns must not be carried out independently from water supply and sanitation, and vice versa.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Based on:<em> <a href="https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/2241">Jha, Abhas K., Robin Bloch, and Jessica Lamond. Cities and Flooding: A Guide to Integrated Urban Flood Risk Management for the 21st Century. World Bank Publications, 2012.</a></em></p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Floods can make it difficult to maintain dignity and hygiene, and lead to an increase in the risk of disease in the following ways:</p> <ol> <li>Widespread contamination by fecal material due to destruction, breakage or damage to sewage systems and latrines, and subsequent open defecation</li> <li>Contamination of drinking water</li> <li>Thick layers of silt, debris and other materials</li> <li>Loss or lack of key hygiene item</li> <li>Standing pools of contaminated water or sewage</li> <li>Rotting corpses (human and animal) can lead to excessive fly breeding or contamination of water sources from insect feces</li> <li>Increase in vector breeding</li> <li>An adverse psychological impact due to loss, and a sense of despair.</li> </ol> <p>An effective health awareness campaign will provide clear timely advice on how best to protect individual and public health during a flood and will facilitate a two–way dialogue such that feedback from the affected persons directly informs priorities and decision making.</p> <p>Pre-flood campaigns are vital for risk mitigation and preparedness. Campaigns during, or post-flooding, will reinforce messages and mobilize communities into action to preserve public health. </p> <h4>Key Components of Health Awareness Campaigns</h4> <p>Urban residents may have received little or no previous hygiene education or health awareness training and are likely to be ill-prepared to respond to a flood. When this condition is combined with weak local or municipal government and staff who are themselves ill-prepared, a flood event can result in a complete breakdown of basic public services (water, sanitation and solid waste management) alongside a significant increase in the risk of accidents and disease. As a consequence, even a relatively minor flood can result in a dangerous increase in morbidity and mortality.</p> <p>It is important to plan health awareness campaigns with an understanding of the type of flooding involved, its anticipated effects, probable duration and the likely impact on the urban population. This planning also has to take into account the current status of public understanding and awareness of health issues, as no two urban situations will be the same. Both the messages and modes of communication should be adapted for the particular situation and for different audiences. The messages should take account of beliefs and attitudes that regarding health, disease and hygiene and should appeal to the interests and priorities of different groups.</p> <p>The health awareness interventions should be designed with participation and collaboration of all key stakeholders, to ensure that effective messages are developed, and that both clarity and consistency apply to the communication strategy. The relevant government ministries (such as environmental health, social welfare, health, education) should be involved, as well as influential leaders, opinion formers and agencies working in the WASH (the now commonly used acronym used for water supply, sanitation and hygiene promotion) or health cluster. Different sections of the community should participate, including the more vulnerable groups such as low-income groups, women, children, aged and disabled people.</p> <p>Health awareness is required by three distinct groups of people:</p> <ul> <li>Municipal staff, volunteers and health professionals</li> <li>The general public and in particular vulnerable groups</li> <li>Media workers.</li> </ul></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-second-descrip field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>When and where to use Health Awareness Campaigns</h4> <p>Any flood-prone city or town would be well advised to invest in a health awareness campaign, both pre-flood and post-flood, irrespective of what type of flood is anticipated. An assessment in advance of the likely public health risks during a flood in that location (including, for example, impacts on water treatment works, or probable disease vectors where appropriate) will guide the design and prioritization of any campaign to make it more cost effective.</p> <h4>Benefits</h4> <p>An effective public health campaign will reduce death and disease caused by flooding. Specifically, pre-flood health awareness campaigns will:</p> <ul> <li>Develop knowledge, understanding and build the capacity of municipal staff and volunteers to work effectively and efficiently post-flood, to preserve public health and reduce mortality and morbidity.</li> <li>Provide guidelines on key elements of an initial rapid assessment of public health risks and build capacity to institute an appropriate, rapid and coordinated WASH response.</li> <li>Protect health service capacity from the impacts of flooding.</li> <li>Post-flood campaigns will help preserve personal and public health by giving the public immediately relevant knowledge and awareness to complement the hardware relief interventions.</li> </ul> <p>The health and hygiene information is also applicable in non-flood situations and, as such, will have a knock-on effect of improving public health in general. Health awareness campaigns to deal with urban floods sit very comfortably alongside other, more traditional, health campaigns such as mother and child health, anti-malaria and HIV/AIDs awareness. The same professional staff and volunteers can and should be involved.</p> <h4>Risks and weaknesses</h4> <p>There are few risks associated with promoting health awareness in urban areas prone to flooding. The challenge is to ensure that this is carried out effectively, as far in advance of floods as possible and in close coordination with the structural mitigation and relief interventions.</p> <p>Cities may face particular challenges, such as providing sanitary excreta disposal options for low income settlements, or maintaining waste disposal services during the flood. Given the relative poverty of many affected municipal authorities and local governments, there may also be issues around obtaining resources to invest in public health flood preparedness, when structural interventions could appear more politically advantageous.</p> <h4>Essentials and key considerations</h4> <p>The affected population should be made aware of their rights and entitlements to relief and recovery operations; this is particularly relevant to the rights to protection for specific groups of persons (such as internally displaced persons; women, children and adolescents; the aged; people living with HIV/AIDs; persons with disabilities; single parent households; ethnic and religious minority groups; and indigenous peoples). IASC (2008) discusses these issues in more detail.</p> <p>Public health campaigns can only provide knowledge and understanding, which may do little practical good without tangible interventions such as provision of clean drinking water, chlorine tablets or safe waste disposal sites. However, as stressed in this section, without pre- and post-flood ‘soft’ interventions (specifically aimed at promoting awareness of how to preserve health and hygiene during floods), the ‘hard’ interventions are unlikely to be effectively mobilized or, even if mobilized, will by themselves be of minimal use.</p> <p>Catastrophic outbreaks of diseases are not inevitable after a disaster: they do not spontaneously occur. However, the keys to preventing disease are to be prepared, to educate and motivate both the appropriate officials and the public, and to promote the meeting of basic sanitary needs.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-literature-sources field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Literature sources</div> <div class="field__item"><h5><a href="https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/spring_natural_disasters.pdf">IASC. 2008. Human rights and Natural Disasters, Operational Guidelines and Field Manual on Human Rights Protection in Situations of Natural Disaster. </a></h5></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-scale field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Scale</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/70" hreflang="en">Local</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/69" hreflang="en">Regional</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/77" hreflang="en">Preparedness</a></div> </div> </div> Thu, 15 Sep 2016 10:31:39 +0000 giacomo.cazzola 102 at https://coastal-management.eu