Urban floods https://coastal-management.eu/ en EXAMPLE: Constructed wetlands to compensate for urbanization in souther Finland (FIN) https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-constructed-wetlands-compensate-urbanization-souther-finland-fin <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">EXAMPLE: Constructed wetlands to compensate for urbanization in souther Finland (FIN)</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/6" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">nst</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Thu, 02/16/2017 - 10:00</span> <div class="field field--name-field-adressed-disks field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/52" hreflang="en">Flash floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/54" hreflang="en">Urban floods</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/61" hreflang="en">Surface Water Management</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/65" hreflang="en">Ecosystem based approach</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>In Finland urban wetlands are being implemented to help improve water quality, absorb storm water volume and flow control, and improve the land-water habitats for urban communities. The wetlands are designed to respond to the needs and negative impacts of urbanization and therefore, public acceptance and multifunctional benefits are central to the design and implementation of the wetlands. The acceptance and understanding of the importance of urban dwellers is important and thus the project sought to demonstrate several benefits of functional wetlands.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Based on Wahlroos et al. (2015): <span><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21513732.2015.1006681">Urban wetland parks in Finland: improving water quality and creating endangered habitats</a>. In: </span> <span><span lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">Urban wetland parks in Finland: improving water quality and creating endangered habitats</span></span><span lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">. In: International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management Volume 11, Issue 1: Pages 46-60</span></p> <p> </p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>General description</h4> <p>Urbanization is affecting water quality and there is increasing severity of flooding and drought periods in Southern Finland. This is expected to become worse because of climate change. During flooding events, run off from rain and melting snow are quickly carried over urban surfaces and overwhelm receiving streams. Habitat degradation is occurring as harmful water from urban areas is transferred into connected habitats. These urban streams in turn cause flooding and channel erosion. The creation of wetlands is an alternative ecosystem approach to conventional responses that have been to seal natural waterways into culverts or clearing, and stabilization for augmented conveyance and erosion control. </p> <p>Two urban wetlands, the Nummela Gateway and the Nummela Niittu were designed and implemented. The wetlands are 6ha and 7ha respectively and are within 550 ha of the urbanized Kilsoi stream watershed in the catchment of Lake Enäjärvi, in the Nummela community, Municipality of Vihti, Southern Finland. The lake has poor water quality from algal blooms and fish kills that result from runoff from its catchments and phosphorus load from human activities. The Stream Kilsoi is an inland clay-soil stream that drains into the Baltic Sea. The habitat type and clay-stream is red listed in the Red list Assessment of Finnish habitat types as critically endangered.</p> <h4>Ecosystem-based aspects</h4> <p>The creation of wetlands is an ecosystem approach and replaced hard infrastructure and conventional responses that have previously been implemented in the area to control storm water volume. In the past, the convention has been to seal natural waterways into culverts or clearing, and stabilization for augmented conveyance and erosion control. </p> <p>The two wetlands, Nummela Gateway and the Nummela Niittu, were established over five years and closely monitored. The ecosystem service that was deemed most important for the wetlands to provide was water quality management. Water treatment by wetlands depends on the plants and their associated microbes. Storm water and flooding events are the main carriers of potential pollutants from urban areas, and thus a high density and diversity of plans and microbes is necessary. In this case, the native origin of the plants was also found to be important to protect urban streams from the erosive effects of storms and snowmelts. Plant self-establishment occurred quickly and construction only required the monitoring of water levels, especially during winter. The existing shoreline and old drainage ditches acted as a seedbank and no maintenance of native plants was necessary.</p> <p>In addition to improving biodiversity, water quality improvements were also achieved. There was an increase in phosphorus reduction after the third year. Despite that the Gateway wetland is just 0.1% of its 550 ha watershed area, it does achieve an annual 10% for total phosphorus reduction.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-key-lessons field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Key lessons learnt</div> <div class="field__item"><p>The establishment of two wetlands near to an urbanized area was able to mitigate against various challenges stemming from urbanization. The Gateway and Niittu wetlands were successful in creating high biodiversity at the clay-stream habitats and relied on little human maintenance due to the naturally occurring habitat which was conducive to wetland creation and existence.</p> <p>Some compromises were made in order to ensure the acceptance of the wetlands and their appreciation and support by the community. Both wetlands were designed to accommodate open water areas for recreational purposes and thus do not fulfill the most efficient capacity for pollution removal.</p> <p>Despite the establishment of the wetlands, they do not address source control directly which remains an issue. If action is taken to reduce pollution at the source, then the wetlands will be more productive in response.</p> <p>Continued monitoring during and after the establishment of the wetlands allowed for there to be definitive conclusions on the impact of the created wetlands on water pollution mitigation, self establishment of vegetation, and biodiversity development. Water quality improvements were demonstrated with continuous monitoring which would not have been deciphered via discrete water sampling.</p></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-relevant-case-studies-and- field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Relevant case studies and examples</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/wetland-restoration" hreflang="en">Wetland restoration</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-literature-sources field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Literature sources</div> <div class="field__item"><h5><span lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US"><strong>Main source: </strong>Outi Wahlroos, Pasi Valkama, Emmi Mäkinen, Anne Ojala, Harri Vasander, Veli-Matti Väänänen, Anna Halonen, Leena Lindén, Petri Nummi, Hannele Ahponen, Kirsti Lahti, Teuvo Vessman, Kari Rantakokko & Eero Nikinmaa (2015): </span><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21513732.2015.1006681"><span><span lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">Urban wetland parks in Finland: improving water quality and creating endangered habitats</span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">. In: International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management Volume 11, Issue 1: Pages 46-60</span></h5></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/76" hreflang="en">Mitigation</a></div> </div> </div> Thu, 16 Feb 2017 09:00:50 +0000 nst 293 at https://coastal-management.eu EXAMPLE: The Ekostaden Augustenborg initiative, Malmö (SWE) https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-ekostaden-augustenborg-initiative-malmo-swe <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">EXAMPLE: The Ekostaden Augustenborg initiative, Malmö (SWE)</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/6" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">nst</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Thu, 01/26/2017 - 16:19</span> <div class="field field--name-field-adressed-disks field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/54" hreflang="en">Urban floods</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/61" hreflang="en">Surface Water Management</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/66" hreflang="en">Combined approach (grey + green)</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Augustenborg is a highly populated neighbourhood in Malmö, Sweden. In order to minimise flood risk, between 1998 and 2002, the ‘Ekostaden Augustenborg’ initiative installed a ‘Sustainable Urban Drainage System’ (SuDS). As part of the project, green roofs, ditches, retention ponds, green spaces and wetlands were created. Due to the installation of the SuDS, rainwater run-off has decreased by half.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Based on RECREATE project results: <a href="http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/green_semester/pdf/Recreate_PB_2015_NBS_final_druck10-02-2016.pdf">COASTAL PROTECTION AND SUDS – NATURE-BASED SOLUTIONS</a>.</p> <p> </p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>General description</h4> <p>The neighbourhood Augustenborg in south-western part of Malmö (Sweden) suffered from floods caused by overflowing drainage systems. Resulting flooding was leading to damage to underground garages and basements, and restricted access to local roads and footpaths. In order to minimise flood risk, between 1998 and 2002, the ‘Ekostaden Augustenborg’ initiative installed a “Sustainable Urban Drainage System” (SuDS). The project was carried out collaboratively by the city council and the MKB social housing company, with extensive participation of the residents in Augustenborg. As part of the project, green roofs, ditches, retention ponds, green spaces and wetlands were created. Due to the installation of the SuDS, rainwater run-off has decreased by half. Additional benefits include improved water quality, reduced carbon emissions, aquifer recharge (relieving stress in water scarce areas), and increased biodiversity through the creation of new wetland habitats.</p> <p>As the project involved significant physical changes in infrastructure, a main challenge was to ensure the acceptance of the local residents. An extensive and iterative process of stakeholder engagement was also initiated during the design and execution of this project, involving a ‘rolling programme’ of consultation with local residents, representatives from the local school, practitioners, city staff and local businesses. The physical improvements in Augustenborg and related projects totaled approximately 21 million Euro. About half of the funds were invested by the MKB housing company. Without the partnership between resident companies and public authorities, the funding for this project would not have been sufficient.</p></div> <div class="field field--name-field-relevant-case-studies-and- field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Relevant case studies and examples</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/sustainable-urban-drainage-systems-suds" hreflang="en">Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS)</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-further-readings field--type-link field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Further Readings</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="http://www.forestry.gov.uk/pdf/urgp_case_study_015_Malmo.pdf/$FILE/urgp_case_study_015_Malmo.pdf">Case Study description from Forest Reseach (UK)</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-literature-sources field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Literature sources</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Kenna Davis, Ina Krüger & Mandy Hinzmann (2015): <a href="http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/green_semester/pdf/Recreate_PB_2015_NBS_final_druck10-02-2016.pdf">COASTAL PROTECTION AND SUDS – NATURE-BASED SOLUTIONS</a>. Recreat Policy Brief No. 4, November 2015, 14 p</p> <p> </p></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/76" hreflang="en">Mitigation</a></div> </div> </div> Thu, 26 Jan 2017 15:19:26 +0000 nst 281 at https://coastal-management.eu EXAMPLE: Early warning system in Sogn og Fjordane (NOR) https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-early-warning-system-sogn-og-fjordane-nor <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">EXAMPLE: Early warning system in Sogn og Fjordane (NOR)</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/6" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">nst</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Wed, 01/25/2017 - 16:39</span> <div class="field field--name-field-adressed-disks field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/53" hreflang="en">Riverine or slow rise floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/52" hreflang="en">Flash floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/35" hreflang="en">Estuarine floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/37" hreflang="en">Coastal floods or storm surges</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/54" hreflang="en">Urban floods</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/62" hreflang="en">Flood Forecasting and Warning</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/68" hreflang="en">Non-structural measure</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The county of Sogn og Fjordane frequently experiences avalanches and landslides, storm surges and flooding. A demonstration project explored the potential for an effective, reliable and cost-efficient early warning system that has a multi-hazard approach and makes use of location and population-based communication technologies, such as mobile phones, as well as social media such as Facebook and Twitter. The system was tested with a sample warning followed by a survey and data analysis to judge its efficacy.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><a href="http://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/metadata/case-studies/multi-hazard-approach-to-early-warning-system-in-sogn-og-fjordane-norway">Based on information from the Climate-ADAPT website.</a></p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>General description</h4> <p>Sogn og Fjordane is a coastal, mountainous region of Norway that boasts hundreds of thousands of tourist visits annually. Several communities in Sogn og Fjordane are facing numerous hazards such as flooding, avalanches, rock slides and other extreme weather events, that might be exacerbated by climate change. To respond to the challenge an early warning system was developed and tested within a EU research project. The multi-hazard warning system aimed at optimising rescue and other emergency services provided by the county. Due to tourism, it aims to be a cost-effective method reaching all people in the geographic area and not only residents.</p> <p>A public warning exercise was carried out in 2010 with 2,500 mobile phones receiving the alert as text message and 322 fixed line phones in Aurland received the alert as voice message. The warning exercise was visible on Facebook for 2 hours and received 201,849 viewings. A post-exercise survey was carried out online and a door-to-door survey was conducted in parts of the area to assess the public’s thoughts on the exercise. The population warning exercise was evaluated to measure the efficiency of the warning system by combining an electronic evaluation form and a door-to-door survey.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-key-lessons field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Key lessons learnt</div> <div class="field__item"><p>The project demonstrated how an existing county-encompassing organization could be used to issue the population warning. While the technical aspects of people-centred warning systems are at large readily available, issues concerning confidentiality legislation and system regulations must be solved before successfully implementing efficient location-based warning systems. In order to use social media during crisis situations, the projected concluded that research is needed.</p></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-relevant-case-studies-and- field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Relevant case studies and examples</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/early-warning-systems" hreflang="en">Early warning systems</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/77" hreflang="en">Preparedness</a></div> </div> </div> Wed, 25 Jan 2017 15:39:06 +0000 nst 272 at https://coastal-management.eu EXAMPLE: Reopening Waterways in Oslo (NOR) https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-reopening-waterways-oslo-nor <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">EXAMPLE: Reopening Waterways in Oslo (NOR)</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/6" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">nst</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Mon, 01/23/2017 - 16:19</span> <div class="field field--name-field-adressed-disks field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/53" hreflang="en">Riverine or slow rise floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/52" hreflang="en">Flash floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/54" hreflang="en">Urban floods</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/60" hreflang="en">Channel, Coastal and Floodplain Works</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/66" hreflang="en">Combined approach (grey + green)</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>As in many other cities, the former dominating strategy for Oslo’s rivers and streams was to enclose them for practical reasons. This approach has changed and the City is actively reopening waterways to make them accessible for people, facilitate increased habitat for biodiversity and handle storm water more efficiently.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><a href="https://www.oslo.kommune.no/english/politics-and-administration/green-oslo/best-practices/reopening-waterways/">Based on information provided by the city Oslo.</a></p> <p> </p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>General description</h4> <p>The City of Oslo is characterized by urban waterways and their tributaries. Up until the 1980s, the waterways were considered problematic for the sewage system and an obstacle for efficient exploitation of land. Hence large sections of waterways were put in culverts. These culverts have predefined capacities that can cause problems if urban flooding cannot cope with these predefined capacities. </p> <p>The City of Oslo has decided to reopen closed rivers and streams wherever it is possible and expedient. In order to formalise and streamline the municipal cooperation regarding reopening projects, the relevant municipal agencies have, in collaboration, developed a management document that outlines the principles for reopening projects including a list of prioritised projects. The list is updated annually.</p> <h4>The “Teglverksdammen” Project</h4> <p>In August 2015 a large reopening project in Teglverksdammen was completed. Ca. 650 meters of the Hovinbekken stream was reopened for EUR 10 million. Teglverksdammen is planned and designed as a natural cleaning system, with several sedimentation basins, stream with water rapids, a small lake and shallow waters with dense vegetation. As a result, Teglverksdammen cleans water, provides habitat for biodiversity and has become a popular recreation area for people. </p></div> <div class="field field--name-field-relevant-case-studies-and- field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Relevant case studies and examples</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/reopening-culverts" hreflang="en">Reopening culverts</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/76" hreflang="en">Mitigation</a></div> </div> </div> Mon, 23 Jan 2017 15:19:39 +0000 nst 240 at https://coastal-management.eu EXAMPLE: London Mass Evacuation Framework (UK) https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-london-mass-evacuation-framework-uk <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">EXAMPLE: London Mass Evacuation Framework (UK)</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/6" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">nst</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Wed, 01/18/2017 - 10:26</span> <div class="field field--name-field-adressed-disks field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/37" hreflang="en">Coastal floods or storm surges</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/54" hreflang="en">Urban floods</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/63" hreflang="en">Emergency Event and Contingency Planning</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/64" hreflang="en">Public Awareness and Preparedness</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/68" hreflang="en">Non-structural measure</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>In 2014, the London Resilience Partnership developed the second Mass Evacuation Framework for the city of London. The purpose of this Framework is to offer guidance to responders managing a mass evacuation of displaced persons and, where appropriate, other living creatures.</p> <p>The Framework has been developed by the Multi-Agency London Resilience Partnership Mass Evacuation Group. This group consists for example of the City of London Police, London Fire Brigade Emergency Planning, Environment Agency, Ministry of Defence (London), or Network Rail.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Based on: London Resilience Partnership (2014): <a href="https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/gla_migrate_files_destination/London%20Mass%20Evacuation%20Framework%20V2%200.pdf">Mass Evacuation Framework</a>.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>In the city a range of risks could result in a scenario requiring mass evacuation. The current reasonable worst case planning assumption for London is based on a major fluvial flooding incident.</p> <p>In addition to providing guidance, the framework is intended to support decision-making and expectation management across all multi-agency partners and stakeholders. The content facilitates a flexible, scalable and coordinated approach to managing an evacuation.</p> <p>The framework is not intended to be prescriptive, as every incident is different; rather, its aim is to capture the core principles for the management of a mass evacuation enabling key organisations to respond consistently and with a clear understanding of their roles and responsibilities.</p> <p>In more detail, the objectives of this Framework are:</p> <ul> <li>Support the Strategic Coordinating Group to respond effectively to an event that requires the evacuation of part of London;</li> <li>Provide responding organisations with the necessary strategy to allow them to effectively implement their roles and responsibilities in support of an evacuation; and</li> <li>Provide the process by which appropriate information is supplied to all responding agencies, the public and businesses, at the start of and throughout the evacuation process.</li> </ul> <p>An incident which causes a mass evacuation may be a ‘sudden impact’ or a ‘rising tide’ type of incident. A ‘sudden impact’ incident will require immediate evacuation of a population to protect life, which may have to be initiated before the full command and control structure is in place. In a ‘rising tide’ incident, agencies will have some warning of a potential incident, enabling command and control structures to be put in place to coordinate the response to the incident and any associated evacuation. Flooding events typically fall under the latter of this incidents.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-second-descrip field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><h4><strong>Evacuation process</strong></h4> <p>The evacuation process is broken down into five principal phases as follows:</p> <h5><em>Initiate Evacuation</em></h5> <ul> <li>Responding Agencies initiate operating procedures</li> <li>Transport availability identified</li> <li>Evacuation assembly point identified</li> <li>Recovery Cell setup</li> <li>Alert neighbouring areas</li> </ul> <h5><em>Alert Population</em></h5> <ul> <li>Initiate Warning and Informing methods</li> </ul> <h5><em> Move Population</em></h5> <ul> <li>- Affected Local Authorities (LA) move evacuees requiring help to evacuation assembly point (with assistance from Police)</li> <li>- LAs to liaise with transport operators and move evacuees to locations where shelter can be provided</li> </ul> <h5><em>Shelter / Assistance</em></h5> <ul> <li>LAs receive evacuees and provide 48hr shelter where needed.</li> </ul> <h5><em>Return / Recovery.</em></h5> <ul> <li>- Handover to Recovery Group</li> <li>- Inform Population/ Residents</li> <li>- Assess Situation - Reoccupation (if possible)</li> <li>- LAs consider longer term shelter options</li> </ul> <h4>Training and Exercising</h4> <p>Each organisation is responsible for ensuring that its staff are fully trained in its own emergency response procedures, and in its particular role in support of the operation of the London Mass Evacuation Framework and associated plans and protocols. A standardised approach to training and exercising is described in the framework. It is also stated that agencies have to maintain records of their training programmes as evidence.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-key-lessons field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Key lessons learnt</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Once an evacuation plan has been set, it must be made available to the people who might need to use so they can be trained and the effectiveness of the plan validated. This is usually through an exercise which alows responders to simulate an emergency and their response. </p> <p>Also a regularly review and update of the plan has to be undertaken. These updates should take into account learnings from exercises, incidents and changes in policy. It has to be ensured that the latest best practise is incorporated.</p></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-relevant-case-studies-and- field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Relevant case studies and examples</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/evacuation-planning" hreflang="en">Evacuation planning</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-further-readings field--type-link field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Further Readings</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://www.london.gov.uk/about-us/organisations-we-work/london-prepared/planning-emergencies-capital">City of London</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/77" hreflang="en">Preparedness</a></div> </div> </div> Wed, 18 Jan 2017 09:26:41 +0000 nst 231 at https://coastal-management.eu EXAMPLE: A participatory adaptation planning approach, Cascais (PT) https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-participatory-adaptation-planning-approach-cascais-pt <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">EXAMPLE: A participatory adaptation planning approach, Cascais (PT)</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/6" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">nst</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Wed, 01/18/2017 - 09:42</span> <div class="field field--name-field-adressed-disks field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/37" hreflang="en">Coastal floods or storm surges</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/54" hreflang="en">Urban floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/36" hreflang="en">Erosion</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/64" hreflang="en">Public Awareness and Preparedness</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/68" hreflang="en">Non-structural measure</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-main-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img src="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_main_image/public/measures/P1020791.JPG?itok=hx9nOonL" width="315" height="210" alt="Cascais" title="Cascais" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-landscape-main-image" /> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Cascais is a Portuguese city on the Atlantic coast and 30 km west of Lisbon. Within the project BASE, researcher supported the participatory ICZM approach to develop a Climate Adaptation Action Plan.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Based on: Ng, K., Campos, I., & Penha-Lopes, g. (Eds.) (2016):<a href="http://base-adaptation.eu/sites/default/files/BASE%20Inspiration%20Book.pdf"> BASE adaptation inspiration book: 23 European cases of climate change adaptation to inspire European decision-makers, practitioners and citizens</a>. Lisbon: Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>General description</h4> <p>Cascais is a Portuguese city on the Atlantic coast and 30 km west of Lisbon. Flash flooding is of especially high concern due to extensive urbanization in areas with strong economic and touristic activity and concentrated physical capital, namely historical buildings. In the period between 2000 and 2011, there was just over EUR 1 million in private claims to insurance companies, with 40% of that value occurring in a single event in 2008 in two parishes. In the same year, annual private costs due to flooding in Cascais exceeded EUR 400,000.</p> <h4><strong>The Adaptation Response</strong></h4> <p>In 2010 the municipality developed its Strategic Plan for Climate Change Adaptation (PECAC). In 2013-15 under the FP7 BASE project, a comprehensive participatory revision of the Plan was made together with the Agenda 21 of Cascais in order to reassess and reprioritize the implemented adaptation measures, taking into consideration all major stakeholders as well as all key affected sectors. Cascais is moving towards the updated Climate Adaptation Action Plan in 2017. The measures included :</p> <ul> <li>green spaces and corridors in urban areas;</li> <li>beach and shoreface nourishment;</li> <li>the rehabilitation and restoration of rivers;</li> <li>the establishment and restoration of riparian buffers; and</li> <li>awareness campaigns for behavioural change.</li> </ul></div> <div class="field field--name-field-gallery field--type-image field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="gallery-left-arrow"><span></span></div> <div class="gallery-right-arrow"><span>></span></div> <div class="field-items"> <div class="gallery-wrapper"> <div class="field__item"> <a href="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/gallery/P1020786.JPG"><img src="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/gallery/P1020786.JPG?itok=SCRsdRCg" width="220" height="165" alt="Cascais 1" title="Cascais 1" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-medium" /> </a> </div> <div class="field__item"> <a href="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/gallery/P1020792.JPG"><img src="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/gallery/P1020792.JPG?itok=Z-7CpvsW" width="220" height="165" alt="Cascais 2" title="Cascais 2" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-medium" /> </a> </div> <div class="field__item"> <a href="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/gallery/P1020770.JPG"><img src="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/gallery/P1020770.JPG?itok=jocj05ol" width="165" height="220" alt="Cascais 3" title="Cascais 3" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-medium" /> </a> </div> <div class="field__item"> <a href="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/gallery/P1020774.JPG"><img src="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/gallery/P1020774.JPG?itok=4QV830E8" width="220" height="165" alt="Coast near Cascais" title="Coast near Cascais" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-medium" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-second-descrip field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>The People and Institutions involved</strong></p> <p>Participatory methodologies have been extensively used in the Cascais adaptation strategy. BASE research work in Cascais began in October 2012 with preliminary/exploratory meetings with representatives from the municipality. Through nine participatory workshops, one population-wide inquiry (n=1885), one inquiry to the technical body of the municipality (n=99) and several field visits, PECAC 2.0 was completed in 2015. This makes Cascais BASE’s case study icon in the use of participatory methodologies.</p> <p><strong>Outcome of action</strong></p> <p>In terms of concrete measures, green corridors, rainwater gardens and rainwater catchments are to be implemented. Green corridors and the re-naturing of Cascais streams is an ongoing adaptation measure that enjoys wide stakeholder consensus and yields positive externalities and socio-political support with relatively low levels of investment needed. Yet its effectiveness in flood risk reduction in this specific case study is still uncertain and a detailed action plan is needed for further analysis.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-key-lessons field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Key lessons learnt</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Climate change adaptation has to do with political choices and is not only a matter of finding the right technical solutions. Participatory experiences such as those developed in, Cascais or <strong>Timmendorfer Strand</strong>, show that adaptation decisions are political in nature, because they affect different stakeholders and citizens in different ways.</p> <p>A number of regulatory frameworks and policies can either hinder or promote local action. One important strategy is to involve a wide range of stakeholders and citizens at the early stages of making decisions about measures. Practitioners and decision-makers need to be well informed on local, national and supranational policies, taking stock of potential synergies and addressing potential bottlenecks and constraints posed by public policies.</p></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-relevant-case-studies-and- field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Relevant case studies and examples</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/spatial-planning-and-integrated-coastal-zone-management-iczm" hreflang="en">Spatial Planning and Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-further-readings field--type-link field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Further Readings</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="http://base-adaptation.eu/">The BASE project</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="http://base-adaptation.eu/sites/default/files/case_studies/08_Cascais_CSLD.pdf">Case Study report about Cascais</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-literature-sources field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Literature sources</div> <div class="field__item"><h5>Ng, K., Campos, I., & Penha-Lopes, g. (Eds.) (2016): BASE adaptation inspiration book: 23 European cases of climate change adaptation to inspire European decision-makers, practitioners and citizens. Lisbon: Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon. http://base-adaptation.eu/sites/default/files/BASE%20Inspiration%20Book.pdf</h5></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/75" hreflang="en">Prevention</a></div> </div> </div> Wed, 18 Jan 2017 08:42:04 +0000 nst 230 at https://coastal-management.eu EXAMPLE: Risk Communication in Kiel (Ger) https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-risk-communication-kiel-ger <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">EXAMPLE: Risk Communication in Kiel (Ger)</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/6" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">nst</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Wed, 12/07/2016 - 12:04</span> <div class="field field--name-field-adressed-disks field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/54" hreflang="en">Urban floods</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/63" hreflang="en">Emergency Event and Contingency Planning</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/64" hreflang="en">Public Awareness and Preparedness</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/68" hreflang="en">Non-structural measure</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-main-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img src="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_main_image/public/measures/Cover%20Schietwetter.jpg?itok=oOMu95jy" width="315" height="210" alt="Cover Schietwetter" title="Cover Schietwetter" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-landscape-main-image" /> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><span lang="EN-GB" xml:lang="EN-GB" xml:lang="EN-GB">An informative brochure can help raise awareness for coastal residents to inform about climate related risks and offer behavioural recommendation. For the city of Kiel such comprehensive guideline was developed. </span></p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>The Bay of Kiel Climate Alliance published in 2015 a guideline for private risk prevention (KBKB 2015). The authors quote a survey saying in 2013 about 90% of the German population thought that there is a low risk to be personally affected by storm floods, storm surges or other natural disasters. But with climate change an increase of extreme weather events is expected for the Bay of Kiel region. Since thus could affect people and households in this region, the alliance published a guideline to offer information about extreme events and orientation how to prevent possible damages and problems. The brochure was written in cooperation with the City of Kiel, the Ministry of the Interior of the federal state Schleswig-Holstein, and the insurance agency ‘Provinzial Nord Brandkasse’.</p> <p>This guide addresses 5 different threats: storms, heavy rainfall, thunderstorm, heat wave, and cold wave. All the different threats are describes in the regional context and also a guide of what to do on a personal basis. For example for storms, the authors recommend:</p> <p>Before the storm:</p> <ul> <li>Use windproof roofing and let it be checked by experts on a regular basis.</li> <li>light objects such as garden furniture, garbage and water barrels</li> <li>shutters and blinds</li> <li>Don’t park under trees</li> <li>Check if your insurance covers damages from storms</li> </ul> <p>During or after the storm:</p> <ul> <li>Only step outside if necessary and pay attention to falling objects, such as bricks or branches</li> <li>Report and document damages</li> <li>In case of damages report immediately your insurance agency.</li> </ul></div> <div class="field field--name-field-gallery field--type-image field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="gallery-left-arrow"><span></span></div> <div class="gallery-right-arrow"><span>></span></div> <div class="field-items"> <div class="gallery-wrapper"> <div class="field__item"> <a href="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/gallery/Veranstaltung_Kiel%20004.jpg"><img src="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/gallery/Veranstaltung_Kiel%20004.jpg?itok=GMvt6Ghk" width="220" height="147" alt="City of Kiel, Harbour" title="City of Kiel, Harbour" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-medium" /> </a> </div> <div class="field__item"> <a href="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/gallery/Veranstaltung_Kiel%20016.jpg"><img src="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/gallery/Veranstaltung_Kiel%20016.jpg?itok=s4T5pMmj" width="220" height="147" alt="City of Kiel, promenade" title="City of Kiel, promenade" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-medium" /> </a> </div> <div class="field__item"> <a href="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/gallery/Veranstaltung_Kiel%20017.jpg"><img src="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/gallery/Veranstaltung_Kiel%20017.jpg?itok=5FCdFwSt" width="220" height="147" alt="City of Kiel, promenade" title="City of Kiel, promenade" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-medium" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-second-descrip field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Also the four other themes are described in general with concluding behavioral recommendation. The brochure closes with useful links where to find further information.</p> <p>The guide makes use of understandable language, additional photographs and in some cases with (regional) maps. This is to ensure, that residents will read the brochure. Local references, like excerpts from newspaper on heavy rains or storms help to anchor the rather abstract climate threats into a local context.</p> <p>5000 copies were published and handed out at thematic relevant events (public fairs, etc.), it is also available <a href="http://www.klimabuendnis-kieler-bucht.de/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Schietwetter_web.pdf">online</a>.</p></div> <div class="field field--name-field-relevant-case-studies-and- field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Relevant case studies and examples</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/risk-awareness-campaigns" hreflang="en">Risk awareness campaigns</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-further-readings field--type-link field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Further Readings</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="http://www.klimabuendnis-kieler-bucht.de/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Schietwetter_web.pdf">PDF Version of brochure</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="http://www.klimabuendnis-kieler-bucht.de">Bay Kiel Climate Alliance (in German)</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-literature-sources field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Literature sources</div> <div class="field__item"><h5>KBKB (Klimabündnis Kieler Bucht) (2015): Schietwetter - na und? Extremwetterereignisse und wie Sie sich schützen können. Ein Leitfaden zur privaten Risikovorsorge. 24 p. (<a href="http://www.klimabuendnis-kieler-bucht.de/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Schietwetter_web.pdf">http://www.klimabuendnis-kieler-bucht.de/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Schietwetter_web.pdf</a>)</h5></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/77" hreflang="en">Preparedness</a></div> </div> </div> Wed, 07 Dec 2016 11:04:38 +0000 nst 200 at https://coastal-management.eu EXAMPLE: Relief channels, Wroclaw floodway system (PL) https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-relief-channels-wroclaw-floodway-system-pl <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">EXAMPLE: Relief channels, Wroclaw floodway system (PL)</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/6" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">nst</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Wed, 12/07/2016 - 10:12</span> <div class="field field--name-field-adressed-disks field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/53" hreflang="en">Riverine or slow rise floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/54" hreflang="en">Urban floods</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/60" hreflang="en">Channel, Coastal and Floodplain Works</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/66" hreflang="en">Combined approach (grey + green)</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-main-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img src="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_main_image/public/measures/P1070059.JPG?itok=QRc627Cc" width="315" height="210" alt="City of Wroclaw, Poland" title="City of Wroclaw, Poland" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-landscape-main-image" /> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Construction of the first components of the Wroclaw floodway system in Poland, one of the largest flood protection systems in Europe started in 2011. The project includes large scale improvements to the system of river channels and flood defenses which provide protection from the floodwaters of the River Odra that flows through Wroclaw. The goal of the project is to reduce the city’s flood risk to a probability of less than a 1000-year event.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><em>Based on: <a href="https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/2241">Jha, Abhas K., Robin Bloch, and Jessica Lamond. Cities and Flooding: A Guide to Integrated Urban Flood Risk Management for the 21st Century. World Bank Publications, 2012.</a></em></p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Relief channels are designed to re-direct some of the flow at peak river levels by using an off-take structure (normally a side weir) and a canal to an area where water can be safely discharged without adverse impacts. A ‘normally dry’ relief channel is at a higher level than the main channel and only carries flow in flood conditions. There may, therefore, be safety issues during sudden flooding as people in the area will have become accustomed to using the area for other purposes. A ‘normally wet’ channel carries some flow at all times, but in both cases there will be a downstream impact of the diverted flow. In an urban context, floodways act as relief channels and may be a significant component in the ‘major’ drainage system, as discussed in a Case Study below</p> <h4><em>Case Study: Modernization of the Wroclaw floodway system </em></h4> <p>The city’s present floodway system dates to 1923 and has a capacity of approximately 2,400 cubic meters per second, corresponding to a 200-year return period. In 1997, the largest flood event ever recorded in Wroclaw flooded about 35 percent of the city, causing major damage and widespread disruption along the valley of the Odra, this flood was variously estimated as a 1 in 200 to in 1000 year event.</p> <p>The estimated total flow upstream of the city in this event was over 3,500 cubic meters per second, almost 50 percent greater than the capacity of the city’s existing floodway system. Widespread flooding was caused by the breaching and overtopping of the flood defense embankments; in addition a diversion structure to the River Widawa was destroyed, together with the training embankments. After the floods of 1997, a range of responses to the problem of flooding in Wroclaw, and along the River Odra valley were investigated. Changes in responsibility for flood protection came in 1999 so that the governors of large strong provinces have no reason to wait for central directives. The feasibility study identified a need for the following complementary and interdependent projects mounting to an estimated cost of over $400 million:</p> <ul> <li>The Bukow Polder completed in 2002 at a cost of $51million</li> <li>A 185 million cubic meter on-line flood storage polder (the Raciborz Polder) to be constructed 200 kilometers upstream of the city, this to be extended to 320 million cubic meters once gravel extraction is completed in the area.</li> <li>The capacity of the diversion structure and channel to the River Widawa to be increased to 300 cubic meters per second, in combination with improvements to embankments along the River Odra. This will by increasing the conveyance of the channel rather than raising defenses and will require the removal of large amounts of material and bridge widening and strengthening</li> <li>Improved forecasting and warning systems</li> </ul></div> <div class="field field--name-field-gallery field--type-image field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="gallery-left-arrow"><span></span></div> <div class="gallery-right-arrow"><span>></span></div> <div class="field-items"> <div class="gallery-wrapper"> <div class="field__item"> <a href="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/gallery/P1070059.JPG"><img src="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/gallery/P1070059.JPG?itok=xgJT0doO" width="220" height="165" alt="City of Wroclaw, Poland" title="City of Wroclaw, Poland" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-medium" /> </a> </div> <div class="field__item"> <a href="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/gallery/P1070052.JPG"><img src="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/gallery/P1070052.JPG?itok=-OYL3E3v" width="220" height="165" alt="City of Wroclaw, Poland" title="City of Wroclaw, Poland" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-medium" /> </a> </div> <div class="field__item"> <a href="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/gallery/P1070025.JPG"><img src="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/gallery/P1070025.JPG?itok=ihBGu8G8" width="220" height="165" alt="City of Wroclaw, Poland" title="City of Wroclaw, Poland" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-medium" /> </a> </div> <div class="field__item"> <a href="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/gallery/P1070054.JPG"><img src="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/gallery/P1070054.JPG?itok=ki7BWAit" width="220" height="165" alt="City of Wroclaw, Poland" title="City of Wroclaw, Poland" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-medium" /> </a> </div> <div class="field__item"> <a href="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/gallery/P1070058.JPG"><img src="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/gallery/P1070058.JPG?itok=YtdL1--k" width="220" height="165" alt="City of Wroclaw, Poland" title="City of Wroclaw, Poland" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-medium" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-second-descrip field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>In order to assess the highly complex impacts of each of the proposed improvements, their interaction with each other and with other components of the flood protection scheme, a hydrodynamic computer model of the floodway system has been developed to:</p> <ul> <li>Test the effect of each component of the project</li> <li>Enable ‘fine tuning’ of the design where necessary</li> <li>Understand and allow for the effect of uncertainties in key design parameters.</li> </ul> <p>The models have concluded that the combination of the three measures will be sufficient to manage a 1 in 1000 year flood and protect 2.5 million inhabitants of towns and villages as well as the city of Wroclaw. The construction of the Raciborz polder would pose a risk of occasional flooding of inhabitants that are concentrated primarily in two villages (240 families). Under Polish regulations, this risk is unacceptable and therefore, the inhabitants are to be moved and the land/property within the polder acquired by the State. This resettlement plan has delayed the completion of the polder.</p> <p>This example illustrates the complexity of negotiating a new integrated system of flood control. The defenses have been designed at a catchment level and involve an international water body (the river Oder). A full range of evaluation reports such as EIA and safeguarding reports were required. Structures downstream of Wroclaw have also had to be altered to accommodate extra flow, but areas downstream will also benefit from the increased attenuation in the polders.</p></div> <div class="field field--name-field-relevant-case-studies-and- field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Relevant case studies and examples</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/flood-and-river-bypasses" hreflang="en">Flood and river bypasses</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-literature-sources field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Literature sources</div> <div class="field__item"><h6>IWPDC (International Water Power and Dam Construction). 2010. “Modernization of the Wroclaw floodway system.”</h6> <h6>Halcrow. 2009. “Assessing the Benefits of Flood Warning: Phase 3,” Halcrow Group Ltd. for SEPA (Scottish Environmental Protection Agency), SNIFFER, Edinburgh.</h6> <h6>FAGANELLO, E. & ATTEWILL, L. 2005 Flood Management Strategy for the Upper and Middle Odra River Basin: Feasibility Study of Raciborz Reservoir. Natural Hazards 36, 273-295.</h6></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/76" hreflang="en">Mitigation</a></div> </div> </div> Wed, 07 Dec 2016 09:12:35 +0000 nst 199 at https://coastal-management.eu Spatial Planning and Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) https://coastal-management.eu/measure/spatial-planning-and-integrated-coastal-zone-management-iczm <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Spatial Planning and Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/6" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">nst</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Thu, 11/10/2016 - 13:42</span> <div class="field field--name-field-adressed-disks field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/53" hreflang="en">Riverine or slow rise floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/52" hreflang="en">Flash floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/35" hreflang="en">Estuarine floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/37" hreflang="en">Coastal floods or storm surges</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/54" hreflang="en">Urban floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/36" hreflang="en">Erosion</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/63" hreflang="en">Emergency Event and Contingency Planning</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/64" hreflang="en">Public Awareness and Preparedness</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/68" hreflang="en">Non-structural measure</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Coastal and marine environments are usually characterized by beautiful landscapes and rich ecosystems of great importance, offering elements such as rich biodiversity. They also attract human activities such as tourism and industrial uses. However, the co-existence of human activities and natural resources often creates conflicts of use in the coastal zone.</p> <p>Management policies are an important means of implementing planning in order to minimise, prevent or resolve use conflicts. The development of a coastal and marine spatial planning system presents an opportunity for the implementation of an overall strategy of conservation, sustainability and management to maximise future economic profit.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Based on "<strong>Papatheochari, Dora</strong> (2008): <em>Spatial Planning and Integrated Coastal Zone Management</em>. Available from <a href="http://www.coastalwiki.org/wiki/Spatial_Planning_and_Integrated_Coastal_Zone_Management">http://www.coastalwiki.org/wiki/Spatial_Planning_and_Integrated_Coastal_Zone_Management</a> [accessed on 10-11-2016]"</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>Spatial Planning</h4> <p>Previously, the role of spatial planning focussed intensively on economic and social development. Gradually, environmental dimensions were taken into account, especially through the appearance of sustainable development in environmentally important areas. Spatial planning in Europe promotes environmental sustainability, examining the concept of development which meets environmental, social and economic needs of present and future generations as well as policy and planning instruments to promote such development. It also encourages spatial integration of development perspectives demonstrating how social cohesion, regional innovation and sustainable development can interplay in real planning situations, using policies and planning tools, such as Environmental Impact Assessment and European Spatial Development Perspective.</p> <p>Through the use of Geographical Information Systems (GIS), spatial planning has been used to define and map coastal and marine areas. It is essential to examine not only environmental impacts of individual activities but to research cumulative effects of multiple activities occurring in an area. Mapping coastal and marine areas in detail allows the opportunity to identify those areas at particular risk from possible pollution or excessive disturbance and to examine in detail how many activities are occurring.</p> <h4>Integrated Coastal Zone Management</h4> <p>Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) is a dynamic, continuous and iterative process designed to promote sustainable management of coastal zones. ICZM projects cover various geographical areas, from local regions to spatially extensive coastal areas. The “Integrated” in ICZM refers both to the integration of objectives and to the integration of the multiple instruments needed to meet these objectives. ICZM includes the integration of all relevant policy areas, sectors, and levels of administration as well as the terrestrial and marine components of the geographical area under consideration. The word 'Integrated' also refers to four types of integration: spatial, temporal, vertical and horizontal.</p> <h4>Comparing Spatial Planning and Integrated Coastal Zone Management</h4> <p>A common goal of spatial planning and ICZM is to define, develop and protect coastal zones; ICZM is most common at the local scale while spatial planning is often applied at larger scales. Both share policies with the same goal, the resolution of land use conflicts for the development and conservation of coastal and marine environment. Spatial planning at the national level is essential in order to examine the impact of human activities in urban and regional coastal zones. Coastal Zone Management is becoming increasingly necessar because of the increasing importance of coastal and marine exploitation/development and protection.</p> <p>An enabling environment at the European level could provide the framework in which countries can develop more appropriate integrated coastal zone management policies, including investment strategies, integrated development plans (spatial and functional) and resource management strategies.</p> <p>The most important issue for both spatial planning and ICZM are the effective and successful implementation of planning systems and policies as well as a better understanding and definition of coastal and marine areas. A common perspective of European coasts must be adopted in order to improve management and planning of activities in coastal and marine areas.</p></div> <div class="field field--name-field-relevant-case-studies-and- field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Relevant case studies and examples</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-participatory-adaptation-planning-approach-cascais-pt" hreflang="en">EXAMPLE: A participatory adaptation planning approach, Cascais (PT)</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-developing-attica-wetland-action-plan-gr" hreflang="en">EXAMPLE: Developing an Attica Wetland Action Plan (GR)</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/75" hreflang="en">Prevention</a></div> </div> </div> Thu, 10 Nov 2016 12:42:35 +0000 nst 187 at https://coastal-management.eu Flood and hazard forecasting https://coastal-management.eu/measure/flood-and-hazard-forecasting <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Flood and hazard forecasting</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/27" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">giacomo.cazzola</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Thu, 09/15/2016 - 14:13</span> <div class="field field--name-field-adressed-disks field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/53" hreflang="en">Riverine or slow rise floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/52" hreflang="en">Flash floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/35" hreflang="en">Estuarine floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/37" hreflang="en">Coastal floods or storm surges</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/54" hreflang="en">Urban floods</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/62" hreflang="en">Flood Forecasting and Warning</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/68" hreflang="en">Non-structural measure</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Flood forecasting is an essential tool for providing people still exposed to risk with advance notice of flooding, in an effort to save life and property.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><em>Based on: <a href="https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/2241">Jha, Abhas K., Robin Bloch, and Jessica Lamond. Cities and Flooding: A Guide to Integrated Urban Flood Risk Management for the 21st Century. World Bank Publications, 2012.</a></em></p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Different flood forecasting service models exist based on the needs of end users: a system may be developed for the public or strictly dedicated to the authorities. There is no single consistent approach worldwide but the basic principles of a good warning system are shared by all. These comprise:</p> <ul> <li>Better detection in times of need well before the actual event occurs</li> <li>Interpretation of the detected phenomena and forecasting this to the areas likely to be affected</li> <li>Dissemination of the warning message to the relevant authorities and public via the media and other communication systems.</li> </ul> <p>The fourth and final aspect is to encourage the appropriate response by the recipients by preparing for the upcoming event. This can be improved through flood response planning by people at risk and their support groups.</p> <h4>Uncertainty in flood forecasting</h4> <p>Models, by definition, are approximations of reality. As described earlier, all models suffer from a certain level of approximation or uncertainty in spite of powerful computing systems, data storage and high level technologies. Decision makers have to consider the effects of uncertainties in their decision-making process. Errors in forecasting of an event, for example stage or time of arrival, may lead to under-preparation (at the cost of otherwise avoidable damage) or over-preparation (resulting in unnecessary anxiety). The balance between failure to warn adequately in advance and the corrosive effects of too many false alarms must be carefully managed.</p> <p>The reliability of flood forecasting models relies on the quantification of uncertainty. All natural hazards are uncertain. The various sources that give rise to uncertainty in forecasting and early warning can be classified (Maskey. 2004) as:</p> <ul> <li>Model Uncertainty</li> <li>Parameter Uncertainty</li> <li>Input Uncertainty</li> <li>Natural and Operational Uncertainty.</li> </ul> <p>It is necessary to gain a better understanding of the options available to deal with the uncertainties within the system arising from these different sources.</p> <p>In order to produce a forecast, the initial conditions are typically determined by means of observations from rain gauges; these may, however, be unevenly spaced throughout the catchment, leading to uncertainty as to the total volume of rainfall. Where hydrologically important areas (such as steep slopes) are unrepresented, the model may utilize an interpolation method (introducing another element of uncertainty) in order to estimate run-off volume and peak flows. More sophisticated modeling can address these issues, but this in turn may demand high processing speeds and lengthy run-times.</p> <p>To offset some of this uncertainty, operational flood forecasting systems are moving towards Hydrological Ensemble Prediction Systems (HEPS), which are now the ‘state of the art’ in forecasting science (Schaake et al. 2006; Thielen et al. 2008). This method formed part of initiatives such as HEPEX (Hydrological Ensemble Prediction EXperiment) which investigated how best to produce, communicate and use hydrologic ensemble forecasts for short, medium and long-term predictions. Despite its demonstrated advantages the use of this system is still limited: it has been installed on an experimental basis in France, Germany, Czech Republic and Hungary.</p> <p>To deal with the uncertainty in spatio-temporal distribution and prediction of rainfall for extreme events, especially through radar derived data, a promising approach has been to combine stochastic simulation and detailed knowledge of radar error structure (Germann et al. 2006a, 2006b, 2009; Rossa et al. 2010). Radar ensembles have the potential benefits of increasing the time for warning especially for flash floods (Zappa et al. 2008). Advanced techniques, such as disdrometer networks (equipment capable of measuring the drop size, distribution and velocity of different kinds of precipitation) and LIDARs are being used to capture small scale rainfall phenomenon, whilst satellite remote sensing is more appropriate for regional and global level applications. A combination of all these methods and blending information is considered to be the most promising way forward.</p> <p>There are a several useful examples of such systems:</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://oss.deltares.nl/web/delft-fews/">DELFT-FEWS</a>: one of the state of the art hydrological forecasting and warning systems developed by Deltares. This system is an integration of a number of sophisticated modules specialized in their individual capacities and the system is highly configurable and versatile. The system can be used as a standalone environment, or it can be used as a compliant client server application. Through its advanced modular system FEWS has managed to reduce the challenges like handling and integration of large datasets to a considerable extent.</li> <li><a href="http://www.sutron.com/product/alert-flood-warning-station/">Automated Local Evaluation in Real Time</a> (ALERT) is the method used within the AUG member states to transmit data and information using remote sensors for warning against flash floods.</li> <li>Central America Flash Flood Guidance is an example of regional flash flood warning. The national Hydrologic Warning Council (NHWC) has member countries across North America and many parts around the world; it is also a major organization in data dissemination for early warning for flood events.</li> <li>The<a href="http://www.mrcmekong.org/"> Mekong River Commission</a> flood forecasting system, discussed above, has been operating since 1970. It is an integrated system which provides timely forecasting to its member countries. It consists of three main systems of data collection and transmission, forecast operation and information dissemination at both national and regional level.</li> <li>The Southern African regional model for flood forecasting Stream Flow Model (SFM) has been applied after the Mozambique flood in 2000. The USGS along with Earth Resource Observation System (EROS) supports monitoring and modeling capacities of Southern African Countries.</li> <li>Regional Water Authority of Mozambique (ARA-Sul) is responsible for issuing flood warning and real time forecasting. The system is operational in Southern Africa with a mean area of 3,500 square kilometers. A simplified flood warning system, the Mozambique Flood Warning Project, is specially tailored to the needs of the local population. It also involves the local people and trains them to install, monitor and maintain the structures.</li> <li>Hydro Met Emergency Flood Recovery Project is used in Poland.</li> <li>Bhutan’s Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOFs) Iridium Satellite Communications is used as the telemetry back-bone for Bhutan’s GLOF Early Warning Project.</li> <li>In the Toronto region of Canada, the Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (TRCA) flood forecasting and warning system is used; this is a scalable flood warning system including web-based data and video for nine watersheds.</li> <li>The Automatic Dam Data acquisition and alarm reporting system, is the Puerto Rican System to obtain, monitor and analyze, in real- time, critical safety parameters such as inflows, outflows, gate openings and lake elevations for 29 principal reservoirs</li> <li><a href="http://www.cwc.nic.in/">Central Water Commission</a> (CWC) in India provides the Turnkey Flood forecasting system across 14 states having 168 remote sites in six river basins.</li> </ul></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-literature-sources field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Literature sources</div> <div class="field__item"><h5>Maskey, S., Guinot, V. and Price, R.K. 2004. “Treatment of precipitation uncertainty in rainfall-runoff modeling: a fuzzy set approach.” Advances in Water Resources 27 (9): 889-98.</h5> <h5>Schaake, J., Franz, K., Bradley, A., and Buizza, R. 2006. “The Hydrological Ensemble Prediction Experiment (HEPEX).” Hydrological and Earth System Sciences Discussions 3: 3321–32.</h5> <h5>Thielen, J., Schaake, J., Hartman, R. and Buizza, R. 2008. “Aims, challenges and progress of the hydrological ensemble prediction experiment (HEPEX) following the third HEPEX workshop held in Stres 27-29 June 2007.” Atmospheric Science Letters 9: 29-35.</h5> <h5>Germann, U., Berenguer, M., Sempere-Torres, D., and Salvadè, G. 2006a. “Ensemble radar precipitation estimation — a new topic on the radar horizon.” Proceedings of the 4th European Conference on Radar in Meteorology and Hydrology (ERAD). Barcelona. September 18–22, 2006. 559–62.</h5> <h5>Germann U., Galli, G., Boscacci, M, and Bolliger M. 2006b. “Radar precipitation measurement in a mountainous region.” Quarterly Journal Royal Meteorological Society 132: 1669–92.</h5> <h5>Germann, U., Berenguer, M., Sempere-Torres, D., and Zappa, M. 2009. “REAL — Ensemble radar precipitation estimation for hydrology in a mountainous region.” Quarterly Journal Royal Meteorological Society 135: 445–56.</h5> <h5>Rossa, A. M., Cenzon, G. and Monai, M. 2010. “Quantitative comparison of radar QPE to rain gauges for the 26 September 2007 Venice Mestre fl ood.” Natural Hazards and Earth System Science 10 (2): 371–7.</h5> <h5>Zappa, M., Rotach, M.W., Arpagaus, M., Dorninger, M., Hegg, C., Montani, A., Ranzi, R., Ament, F., Germann, U., Grossi, G., Jaun, S., Rossa, A., Vogt, S., Walser, A., Wehrhan, J., and Wunram, C. 2008. “MAP D-PHASE: Real-time demonstration of hydrological ensemble prediction systems.” Atmospheric Science Letters 2: 80–7.</h5></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/77" hreflang="en">Preparedness</a></div> </div> </div> Thu, 15 Sep 2016 12:13:22 +0000 giacomo.cazzola 106 at https://coastal-management.eu