Removal or relocation https://coastal-management.eu/ en EXAMPLE: Relocation of Clavell Tower, Dorset (UK) https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-relocation-clavell-tower-dorset-uk <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">EXAMPLE: Relocation of Clavell Tower, Dorset (UK)</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/6" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">nst</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Thu, 01/26/2017 - 16:00</span> <div class="field field--name-field-adressed-disks field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/36" hreflang="en">Erosion</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/56" hreflang="en">Removal or relocation</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-coastal-defence-st field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/72" hreflang="en">Managed retreat</a></div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/66" hreflang="en">Combined approach (grey + green)</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>By 2002, historic Clavell Tower was deemed to be at serious risk of collapsing under the crumbling Dorset coastline at its base. The most technically, socially, and financially feasible solution was to simply dismantle the empty tower and reconstruct it further away from the cliff’s edge on more stable footing. This resulted in a reinvigorated heritage site saved from the dangers of coastal erosion.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Based on information from <a href="https://www.landmarktrust.org.uk/search-and-book/properties/clavell-tower-6222#tabs=Overview">The Landmark Trust </a></p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>General description</h4> <p>Located high on a cliff on the Dorset coast of southern England overlooking Kimmeridge Bay, Clavell Tower is a four story circular tower originally built in 1830. The soft and easily erodible shales of the cliff had been steadily crumbling and retreating towards the tower since its construction.</p> <p>The responsible organisation for managing Clavell Tower, the Landmark Trust, decided that the most feasible solution for this kind of coastal erosion threat was to dismantle the ageing tower and re-erect it on a more stable base further away from the cliffs edge.</p> <p>The eroding coastline for which Clavell Tower calls home happens to be a UNESCO World Heritage Site known as the Jurassic Coast. It is a popular tourist destination for its natural beauty and geological significance. As such, it is unlikely that more intrusive coastal erosion measures that could be used to stabilize the cliff would be approved. Relocating the tower itself was a more socially acceptable solution.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-second-descrip field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>Innovative & Cost-effectiveness aspects of the measure<em> </em></h4> <p>Dismantling and re-erecting Clavell Tower was simply the most technically and financially feasible solution for the Landmark Trust to undertake. Four years of fundraising efforts and external funding from the Heritage Lottery Fund allowed the project to commence by 2006. To offset some of the costs and ensure future revenue for maintenance and heritage preservation, the Landmark Trust also currently manages Clavell Tower as a hotel.</p> <p>This kind of heritage conservation strategy is clearly the most intrusive possible and would not have been undertaken if it was not the most suitable option. Conservation staff carefully recorded and surveyed all the physical aspects of the tower so that the replication was as true to the original as possible. Sightlines from the tower across the bay and landscapes were also replicated as best as possible when orienting the tower in the new location. Lastly, the new tower was built in such a way as to allow additional future relocation should the eroding cliff’s edge make it necessary again.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-key-lessons field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Key lessons learnt</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Even in heritage conservation, where intrusion and alterations are avoided whenever possible, sometimes drastic measures must be taken to combat the threat of coastal erosion. Relocating heritage sites to safer ground is a suitable solution, especially when the eroding coastline is deemed globally significant and has challenging terrain. Dismantling and re-erecting Clavell Tower was not a decision taken lightly, but it has proven to be a successful measure in preserving the tower’s positing as a valued historic landmark on a World Heritage Site.</p></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-relevant-case-studies-and- field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Relevant case studies and examples</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/exposed-element-relocation-and-removal" hreflang="en">Exposed element relocation and removal</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/75" hreflang="en">Prevention</a></div> </div> </div> Thu, 26 Jan 2017 15:00:34 +0000 nst 278 at https://coastal-management.eu EXAMPLE: Floating roads, Hedel (NL) https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-floating-roads-hedel-nl <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">EXAMPLE: Floating roads, Hedel (NL)</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/6" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">nst</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Mon, 01/16/2017 - 11:17</span> <div class="field field--name-field-adressed-disks field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/53" hreflang="en">Riverine or slow rise floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/35" hreflang="en">Estuarine floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/37" hreflang="en">Coastal floods or storm surges</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/56" hreflang="en">Removal or relocation</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/66" hreflang="en">Combined approach (grey + green)</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>In 1996 the Dutch Department of Transport, Public Works and Water developed a program called ‘Roads to the Future,’ and a component of this project was the testing of a pilot floating road. The testing of the pilot took place in 2003 and aimed to create a 70 meter stretch of road in the town of Hedel, the Netherlands to mitigate against rising ground water levels. The floating road was designed to maintain access and flexibility in traffic and movement and prevent the isolation of a village otherwise cut off by flooding.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><a href="http://www.iiinstitute.nl/referencecases/rc-netherlands-floating-roads">Based on information from the International Intervision Institute</a></p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>General description</h4> <p>The ‘Floating Roads’ pilot project was implemented in Hedel in the Netherlands. The town of Hedel is prone to flooding due to increasing ground water levels which can lead to the isolation or cutting off of the village and impeded traffic flow. The floating road was designed to be some 70 meters in length and withstand vehicles travelling at speeds of up to 80mph. The town of Hedel in the Netherlands has some 5,000 inhabitant. The small size of the town and the infrastructure of the floating road meant that local authorities and government were central to its planning and implementation.</p> <p>The design and construction of the road consisted of standard linked units made of aluminium and filled with polystyrene foam to facilitate ‘floating’. These flexible links were secured into the river bed using steel piles and the top layer of the road itself was constructed using typical concrete and non-flexible materials. Aluminium was chosen as a lightweight material that requires little maintenance and is recyclable. Moreover, the standardized units allow for easy transportation and replacement, if necessary. The links between the units provide enough stiffness but also flexibility to withstand changing water levels. The innovative element of the design was the attachment ramps on either end of the floating road. The attachment ramps were stiff structures designed to withstand movement but implemented with a further safety option of a remote controlled moveable bridge should water levels change abrubtly.</p> <p>The floating road was tested using a normal vehicle under both regular conditions and with incoming waves. The structure performed as expected and the driving experience of the vehicle pilot was not affected by the moving water below. In a simulation test of an emergency situation, a breakdown vehicle went through the same tests and the floating road performed successfully.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-second-descrip field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>Cost-effectiveness and ecosystem-based aspects</h4> <p>Floating and elevated roads are alternatives to bridges and tend to be less expensive. Once constructed, they do not require more maintenance than other types of roads. They are, however, a significant piece of infrastructure and therefore the cost and investment may only be returned once flooding has occurred and been mitigated against.</p> <p>Floating roads take up less space in terms of construction and infrastructure than traditional roads. They also sit on top of groundwater and therefore do not disturb natural flows and therefore also are likely to minimise pollution.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-key-lessons field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Key lessons learnt</div> <div class="field__item"><p>The main question posed in the pilot construction of the floating road was to understand whether there was added value in having floating roads over conventional roads in order to solve traffic problems that ensue amidst extreme flooding and changing groundwater levels. Floating roads were found to be functional in Hedel and also reduce the amount of disturbed space compared to other options such as a traditional road. For example, generally a road floating on groundwater is 20 meters wide whereas a traditional road at one meter above ground level is 45 meters wide. Cost-efficiency was also considered advantageous to that of building a bridge.</p></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-relevant-case-studies-and- field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Relevant case studies and examples</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/exposed-elements-elevation" hreflang="en">Exposed elements elevation</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-further-readings field--type-link field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Further Readings</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="http://www.iiinstitute.nl/sites/default/files/FloatingRoad_343.pdf">PDF: Floating Road Documentation</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/76" hreflang="en">Mitigation</a></div> </div> </div> Mon, 16 Jan 2017 10:17:31 +0000 nst 224 at https://coastal-management.eu EXAMPLE: Concept of „flood proof mooring“ in a Marina (GER) https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-concept-flood-proof-mooring-marina-ger <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">EXAMPLE: Concept of „flood proof mooring“ in a Marina (GER)</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/6" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">nst</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Wed, 01/11/2017 - 13:13</span> <div class="field field--name-field-adressed-disks field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/37" hreflang="en">Coastal floods or storm surges</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/56" hreflang="en">Removal or relocation</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-main-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img src="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_main_image/public/measures/P4180340.jpg?itok=7TsywFfK" width="315" height="210" alt="Example of a mooring construction at rear piles in tidal waters (3-4m tidal range). (Photo: G. Seiß)" title="Example of a mooring construction at rear piles in tidal waters (Photo: G. Seiß) (3-4m tidal range)." typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-landscape-main-image" /> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><span lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">Not only land or buildings can be elevated. In Marinas also watercrafts can be allowed to adjust to fluctuations of water level. This concept shows a simple idea of how a 'flood proof mooring' system could look in a Marina in the RISC-KIT case study area in Kiel.</span></p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Based on the <a href="http://coastal-management.eu/governance/kieler-fjord-de">RISC-KIT Case Study in Kiel</a>.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><h4>A brief description of the concept of „flood proof mooring“</h4> <p><span lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">This idea of concept was developed within the RSIC-KIT project and the basic approach has been used already in Marinas with higher magnitude of tidal range. However, this would be a rather new approach for Marinas in the Baltic Sea and the solution for single berths has never been tested. For the project RISC-KIT these ideas were used for the discussion of the <a href="http://coastal-management.eu/measure/multi-criteria-analysis-mca">Multi-Criteria Analysis</a><strong>. </strong></span></p> <p><span lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">The underlying assumption of this approach of risk minimization is that the variability of water level in ports and marinas cannot be significantly influenced. As a result watercrafts are subject to a permanent change in their altitude. Piers or quays, which are fixed in their height, can become a fundamental problem for watercrafts if the degree of freedom in the vertical movement is restricted. </span></p> <p><span lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">For the RISC-KIT case study in Kiel, the Marinas are predominantly equipped with bridges which are fixed in the elevation above mean sea level. The height of the bridges is between 0.7 and 1m over mean sea level. In case of unexpected (summer) storm floods, like the summer storm in 1989, this can lead to severe damages. <span> </span></span></p> <h4>Objective of the measure</h4> <p>The idea of such a system is to compensate the natural variability of water levels at berths for boats / ships by installing a connection to the bridge / land, which is flexible in vertical direction. With this construction the moorings are not loaded by buoyancy / gravity forces during water level changes.</p> <h4>Solutions</h4> <ol> <li>Floating bridges/Pontoons: Such constructions have become standard in waters with regular fluctuations in the water level (e.g. waters with tidal movements). They consist of a load-bearing platform which is provided with buoyancy elements and is either moored on several piles leaving the freedom in vertical movement or is anchored in the harbor bottom at several points. Those constructions are produced already industrially, but can also be built in-house. The conversion of an entire marina may require a considerable effort during a short period (a few thousand Euro / berth) and has to be implemented in units of bridges. Therefore this approach is generally only appropriate during reconstruction / expansion of the infrastructure.</li> <li>Solutions for single berths: On the existing bridge, a mooring device is installed for each berth where the mooring can be realized such that the moorings are guided up and down vertically with the water level. The sketch in shows the idea of such construction. The sketch is not a ready to use construction plan, but the visual expression of the idea. Constructions built solely on that sketch may or not may fulfill the needs of the real world in an individual use case.</li> </ol> <p>In this sketch, the boat is not moored directly at the bridge, but at a floating body, which is moving up and down along a strong wire. The floating line to the rear pile prevents the floating body from turning around the wire and additionally serves as a mooring aid. Depending on the actually existing bridge infrastructure, other constructions are also conceivable. The construction has to be adapted to the expected variability of the water level. All construction components can be made from sustainable building materials (sea water resistant metals / plastics). The construction can be installed berth by berth.</p></div> <div class="field field--name-field-gallery field--type-image field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="gallery-left-arrow"><span></span></div> <div class="gallery-right-arrow"><span>></span></div> <div class="field-items"> <div class="gallery-wrapper"> <div class="field__item"> <a href="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/gallery/Figure%201.jpg"><img src="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/gallery/Figure%201.jpg?itok=y5XxRR39" width="220" height="191" alt="Sketch of a single berth solution, which can be constructed also in-house. (Sketch: G. Seiß)" title="Sketch of a single berth solution, which can be constructed also in-house. (Sketch: G. Seiß)" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-medium" /> </a> </div> <div class="field__item"> <a href="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/gallery/P4180340.jpg"><img src="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/gallery/P4180340.jpg?itok=ax2d2BR8" width="220" height="165" alt="Example of a mooring construction at rear piles in tidal waters (3-4m tidal range). (Photo: G. Seiß)" title="Example of a mooring construction at rear piles in tidal waters (3-4m tidal range). (Photo: G. Seiß)" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-medium" /> </a> </div> <div class="field__item"> <a href="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/gallery/P4180342_b.jpg"><img src="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/gallery/P4180342_b.jpg?itok=9rCPkvql" width="165" height="220" alt="Example of a mooring construction (Photo: G. Seiß)" title="Example of a mooring construction (Photo: G. Seiß)" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-medium" /> </a> </div> <div class="field__item"> <a href="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/gallery/SchwimmstegWendtorf.jpg"><img src="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/gallery/SchwimmstegWendtorf.jpg?itok=7K9NY4RR" width="220" height="165" alt="Floating bridge in Marina Wendtorf (Baltic Sea) (Photo: G. Seiß)" title="Floating bridge in Marina Wendtorf (Baltic Sea) (Photo: G. Seiß)" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-medium" /> </a> </div> <div class="field__item"> <a href="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/gallery/FloodproofDamp2.JPG"><img src="https://coastal-management.eu/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/gallery/FloodproofDamp2.JPG?itok=cBrOXqVP" width="165" height="220" alt="Alternative solution for a single berth in Damp (Baltic Sea) (Photo: G. Seiß)" title="Alternative solution for a single berth in Damp (Baltic Sea) (Photo: G. Seiß)" typeof="foaf:Image" class="image-style-medium" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-second-descrip field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><h6>Disclaimer: The sketch in Figure 1 is not a ready to use construction plan, but the visual expression of an idea. Constructions built solely on that sketch may or not may fulfill the needs of the real world in an individual use case.</h6></div> <div class="field field--name-field-relevant-case-studies-and- field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Relevant case studies and examples</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/exposed-elements-elevation" hreflang="en">Exposed elements elevation</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/75" hreflang="en">Prevention</a></div> </div> </div> Wed, 11 Jan 2017 12:13:54 +0000 nst 220 at https://coastal-management.eu Exposed elements elevation https://coastal-management.eu/measure/exposed-elements-elevation <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Exposed elements elevation</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/27" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">giacomo.cazzola</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Tue, 09/06/2016 - 11:53</span> <div class="field field--name-field-adressed-disks field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/53" hreflang="en">Riverine or slow rise floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/52" hreflang="en">Flash floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/35" hreflang="en">Estuarine floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/37" hreflang="en">Coastal floods or storm surges</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/54" hreflang="en">Urban floods</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/56" hreflang="en">Removal or relocation</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-coastal-defence-st field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/73" hreflang="en">Limited intervention</a></div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/67" hreflang="en">Grey infrastructure</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/68" hreflang="en">Non-structural measure</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>'Elevation of buildings' and ' Land raising' are two separated measures with the aim to elevate exposed elements.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><a href="http://coastal-management.eu/measure/wet-proofing-sealable-buildings">Based on kindly provided information on the Flood Management Tools Series by the Associated Programme on Flood Management</a></p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><h3>Elevation of building</h3> <p>In order to protect an existing building from flooding, elevation of the building is one retrofitting method. The two major types of elevating living spaces above the expected flood level are:</p> <p>1) lifting up a building on a new or extended foundation; and (2) extending a building upward by elevating the existing floor or adding a new upper story utilizing an existing foundation (FEMA, 2009). The first method separates the building from its foundation, raises it on a hydraulic jack, and constructs a new or extended foundation below it. The new and extended foundation can be continuous walls, or separate piers, posts, columns or piles and can be exposed to flooding. The second method removes the roof, extends the building walls, and constructs a raised floor. The abandoned lower area can then be used for parking, building access or storage.</p> <p>The height of elevation is determined by the expected flood level, that is, the lowest floor of the living space must be above the flood level, including freeboard. As with a <a href="http://coastal-management.eu/measure/wet-proofing-sealable-buildings">wetproofing </a>measure, the foundation of the elevated building must be able to withstand hydrostatic pressure, hydrodynamic pressure, debris impact, and erosion by flooding. Design experts should be consulted for these elevation projects to evaluate whether the existing foundations can support an increased load to the building. If the project site is subject to high winds, earthquakes, or other hazards, such horizontal and vertical forces must be also considered. More detailed elevation techniques are explained in “Homeowner’s Guide to Retrofitting” (FEMA, 2009).</p> <p>In response to Hurricane Katrina, FEMA evaluated building damage from the hurricane and provided recommendations on building structures in “Summary Report on Building Performance - Hurricane Katrina 2005” (FEMA, 2006). The assessment found that the buildings that survived the hurricane event have some elements in common, such as high first floor elevations, a well. embedded deep pile foundation, and structurally connected foundation and building frame.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-second-descrip field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><h3>Land raising</h3> <p>In the United States, National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) regulations only allow landfill, encroachment, and other developments within a floodway if they are proven through standard hydrologic and hydraulic analyses not to increase flood levels in the community during the base flood discharge (FEMA, 1993). New developments and significant improvements are, in general, required to not cause negative impacts, not only to increasing flood heights, but also in creating additional threats to public safety, inducing extra public expenditure, creating nuisances, or conflicting with existing local regulations.</p> <p>Land raising (or placement of fill) requires an understanding of local site conditions, soil characteristics, methods of placing and compacting the land, etc. (FEMA, 2001). The permeability of soils affects water infiltration on the site, which in turn influences the safety of the foundations or basement structure. The higher the lowest floor of building is elevated in comparison with the expected flood level, the safer the building becomes. If the elevation of the building is not high enough compared to the expected flood level or if it includes a basement below the flood level, additional measures of dryproofing and elevating the building should also be considered.</p> <p>In order to combat hydrostatic force and buoyancy force, appropriate buffer zones   around a building should be installed with a setback distance from the edge of the flood hazard area. The fill soil should be homogeneous and of a low permeability. A drainage system installed around the building foundations with a sump pump can lower the level of seepage and make the structure safer. FEMA provides the method of calculating such seepage flow.</p> <p>Raising houses, tube wells, and latrines above the expected flood level is an effective flood mitigation measure in developing countries. In India, there are examples of raised platforms in flood shelters constructed for local people and their cattle (WMO, 2005). In rural Bangladesh, homestead plinths of local people were raised to reduce vulnerability to flood disaster (Practical Action Bangladesh, 2010). In order to reduce water-borne diseases, especially during periods of inundation, tube-well platforms were raised above the highest ever recorded flood level with freeboard.</p> <p>Major sanitation problems in flood.prone areas of developing countries are surface water contamination and difficult access to latrines during floods (Kazi and Rahman, 1999). Because overflow of a pit latrine poses serious health and environmental risks, the top of the latrine    is extended above the expected flood level to avoid flood water intrusion into the pit which would expand its volume. One effective measure of preventing groundwater contamination by latrines is to surround the pit latrine with a sand filter and make the bottom of the pit impermeable. These measures are very simple and easily implemented by local people; however raising awareness about sanitary conditions and motivating people is the key to success of these projects.</p></div> <div class="field field--name-field-relevant-case-studies-and- field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Relevant case studies and examples</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-concept-flood-proof-mooring-marina-ger" hreflang="en">EXAMPLE: Concept of „flood proof mooring“ in a Marina (GER)</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-floating-roads-hedel-nl" hreflang="en">EXAMPLE: Floating roads, Hedel (NL)</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-further-readings field--type-link field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Further Readings</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="http://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/metadata/adaptation-options/floating-or-elevated-roads">ClimateAdapt on floating and elevated roads</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-literature-sources field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Literature sources</div> <div class="field__item"><h5>FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency), 1993b: Non-Residential Floodproofing - Requirements and Certification for Buildings Located in Special Flood Hazard Areas in accordance with the  National Flood Insurance Program. FIA.TB.3. www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=1716</h5> <h5>FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency), 2001: Ensuring That Structures Built on Fill In or Near Special Flood Hazard Areas Are Reasonably Safe From Flooding in accordance with the National Flood Insurance Program. FIA.TB.10. www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=1723</h5> <h5>FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency), 2006: Summary Report on Building Performance - Hurricane Katrina 2005. FEMA 548. www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=1455</h5> <h5>FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency), 2009: Homeowner’s Guide to Retrofitting - Six Ways to Protect Your Home From Flooding. FEMA P.312, Second Edition. www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=1420</h5> <h5>Kazi, N.M. and M. Rahman, 1999: Sanitation strategies for flood-prone areas. 25th WEDC Conference Integrated Developement for Water Supply and Sanitation , Addis Ababa. www.perusan.org/sysnet/publico/biblioteca/experiencias/saneamientozonasinundables/Flood%20latrine%20Brief%20Bangladesh.pdf</h5> <h5>Practical Action Bangladesh, 2010: Elements of disaster resilience: lessons from Bangladesh. Mainstreaming Livelihood-Centred Approaches to Disaster Management Project. practicalaction.org/disaster.management.bangladesh</h5> <h5>WMO (World Meteorological Organization), 2005: Manual on Community Approach to Flood Management in India. Associated Programme on Flood Management. www.apfm.info/pdf/pilot_projects/manual_india.pdf</h5></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-scale field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Scale</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/71" hreflang="en">Individual - private</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/70" hreflang="en">Local</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/76" hreflang="en">Mitigation</a></div> </div> </div> Tue, 06 Sep 2016 09:53:01 +0000 giacomo.cazzola 61 at https://coastal-management.eu Exposed element relocation and removal https://coastal-management.eu/measure/exposed-element-relocation-and-removal <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Exposed element relocation and removal</span> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span lang="" about="https://coastal-management.eu/user/27" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="" xml:lang="">giacomo.cazzola</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Tue, 09/06/2016 - 10:59</span> <div class="field field--name-field-adressed-disks field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/53" hreflang="en">Riverine or slow rise floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/52" hreflang="en">Flash floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/35" hreflang="en">Estuarine floods</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/37" hreflang="en">Coastal floods or storm surges</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/36" hreflang="en">Erosion</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-measure field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/56" hreflang="en">Removal or relocation</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-type-of-coastal-defence-st field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/72" hreflang="en">Managed retreat</a></div> <div class="field field--name-field-colour field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/67" hreflang="en">Grey infrastructure</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/68" hreflang="en">Non-structural measure</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-short-descr field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Moving a building out of the existing flood hazard area is the safest solution among several retrofit-ting methods; however it is also usually the most expensive method (FEMA, 2009). When a community acquires a flood-prone home from the owner, relocation is often applied, as well as demolition of the building. The relocation is not only limited to buildings, it can also be applied to other exposed coastal infrastructure.</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-information-source field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><a href="http://www.apfm.info/publications/tools/APFM_Tool_15.pdf">Based on kindly provided information on the Flood Management Tools Series by the Associated Programme on Flood Management</a></p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Relocation includes the following process: lifting up a building from its foundation, placing it on a trailer, transporting it to a new safe area, and setting it onto a new foundation. As with the elevation of a building, a relocated building must be structurally sound enough to withstand all the stresses during the relocation process. Similar techniques as used for the elevation of buildings are used for lifting and setting a building structure. The moving process requires trailer wheel sets to be placed beneath steel beams supporting the building. The size and weight of a building affects the relocation process and the necessary equipment. A single- story, wooden framed building with a rectangular shape is easier to be relocated than a multi- story, solid masonry one.</p> <p>Given that relocation requires a moving route between the old and new sites, this adds additional consideration because of the route restrictions, such as width of roads, load limits on bridges, and clearance of facilities along the route. If a building is too large to fit on any moving route, it may be cut into sections, moved separately, and reassembled at the new site. Taking public roads and changing utility lines requires the necessary permits from local governments or utility companies. The relocated building also needs to meet all zoning ordinances and building codes in the new site.</p> <p>Because relocation is a costly but effective method to prevent recurrence of flood damage, it is often used for preserving historical buildings and monuments. The City of Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA was severely hit by the Red River flood in April 1997 (FEMA, 2001). The Boomtown Building, one of the city’s oldest structures and a property of the National Register of Historic Places, was also a casualty of the flood. In order to make way for a new dike, the building had to move to another location with the financial support of the city.</p> <p>Another famous example of relocation of an historical monument is shown by the Abu Simbel tem-ples in Egypt. Following the rise of the Nile waters as a result of the construction of the Aswan High Dam, a multinational team of archaeologists, engineers and skilled heavy equipment operators working together under the UNESCO banner, began in 1964 the salvage of the Abu Simbel temples. Between 1964 and 1968, the entire site was carefully cut into large blocks (up to 30 tons, averaging 20 tons), dismantled, lifted and reassembled in a new location 65 meters higher and 200 meters back from the river, for a total cost of some USD 40 million at the time (De Carvalho, 1966).</p></div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-key-lessons field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Key lessons learnt</div> <div class="field__item"><p>Success factors:</p> <ul> <li>In areas with low population densities, the costs of retreat (including compensation and infrastructure costs) could be significantly less than other grey or green measures to protect assets where they are.</li> <li>The retreat of settlements and infrastructure can be combined with the recreation of natural features, such as vegetation buffers, wetlands, dunes, that can provide landscape and biodiversity benefits as well as protection against erosion, debris flows and floods.</li> <li>Retreat policies are likely to be more successful and receive stronger public support if they are designed in a long-term perspective.</li> </ul></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-relevant-case-studies-and- field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Relevant case studies and examples</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-managed-retreat-surfers-point-california-usa" hreflang="en">EXAMPLE: Managed Retreat at Surfer’s Point, California (USA)</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-relocation-criel-sur-mer-normandy-fr" hreflang="en">EXAMPLE: Relocation in Criel sur Mer, Normandy (FR)</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/measure/example-relocation-clavell-tower-dorset-uk" hreflang="en">EXAMPLE: Relocation of Clavell Tower, Dorset (UK)</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-further-readings field--type-link field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Further Readings</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="http://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/metadata/adaptation-options/retreat-from-high-risk-areas">ClimateAdapt on relocation</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://migration.unu.edu/publications/policy-briefs/changing-climate-moving-people-framing-migration-displacement-and-planned-relocation.html">UN Migration Network: Changing climate, moving people: Framing migration, displ…</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-literature-sources field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Literature sources</div> <div class="field__item"><h6>De Carvalho, G., 1966: The sun rises as Pharaoh Planned, LIFE Magazine, Vol. 61, No. 23, 2 December 1966.</h6> <h6>FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency), 2001a: Journeys - North Dakota’s Trail Towards Disaster Resistance. www.fema.gov/about/regions/regionviii/journeys.shtm</h6> <h6>FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency), 2009: Homeowner’s Guide to Retrofitting - Six Ways to Protect Your Home From Flooding. FEMA P.312, Second Edition. www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=1420</h6></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-scale field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Scale</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/71" hreflang="en">Individual - private</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/70" hreflang="en">Local</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-measure-category field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Measure category</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://coastal-management.eu/taxonomy/term/75" hreflang="en">Prevention</a></div> </div> </div> Tue, 06 Sep 2016 08:59:51 +0000 giacomo.cazzola 60 at https://coastal-management.eu